This report was typed up by Jamie Coville and is formatted for 800x600 screen resolution.

From: US Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Juvenile Delinquency.
1955-6. Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 77-90720

Page

I. Introduction ........................................................................................ 1
     Scope of this interim report ...................................................................... 2
II. A brief history of the development of the comic-book industry ...................................... 3
     First comic book appeared in 1935 ................................................................. 3
     An overview of the organization and operation of the comic-book industry .......................... 4
III. The Nature of crime and horror comic books ........................................................ 7
     Specific examples of material dealt with at New York hearings ..................................... 7
     Methods utilized in crime and horror comics to portray violence .................................. 10
IV. Crime and horror comics as a contributing factor in juvenile delinquency .......................... 11
     Crime and horror comics and the well-adjusted and normally law abiding child ..................... 12
     Crime and horror comics may appeal to and thus give support and sanction to already
       existing antisocial tendencies ................................................................. 13
     Techniques of crime are taught by crime and horror comics ........................................ 14
     Criminal careers are glamorized in crime and horror comic books .................................. 15
     Defenders of law and order frequently represented as all powerfull beings who kill and 
       commit other crimes to defend "justice" ........................................................ 15
     Excessive reading of crime and horror comics is considered symptomatic of 
       emotional pathology ............................................................................ 16
     Need exists for more specific research to fully ascertain the possible effects of this type
       of reading material upon children .............................................................. 16
V. Other questionable aspects of comic books .......................................................... 17
     Weapons and pseudomedical nostrums advertised in comic books designed for children ............... 17
     Misuse of mailing lists compiled through comic-book advertisements ............................... 18
     The exportation of crime and horror comic books .................................................. 20
VI. Comic books as a medium of communication .......................................................... 22
VII. Where should responsibility for policing crime and horror comics rest? ........................... 23
     Comic books and authority ........................................................................ 23
     Responsibility of parents, assisted by citizens' groups .......................................... 24
     Role of Child Study Association as an evaluator of comics ........................................ 25
     Responsibility of the comic-book industry for self-regulation .................................... 27
     Newsdealers unable to assume adequate responsibility ............................................. 27
     Wholesalers are not most feasible parties to regulate content .................................... 28
     Printer cannot feasibly regulate content ......................................................... 28
     Distributor holds one of the key positions in comic-book industry ................................ 28
     Publisher has primary responsibility for subject and treatment ................................... 29
     Past attempts at industry self-regulation ........................................................ 30
     Current efforts at industry self-regulation ...................................................... 32
VIII. Conclusions ..................................................................................... 32
     Only one part of investigation into the mass media of communication .............................. 33
Appendix .............................................................................................. 34
     Senate Resolution 89 (83d Cong., 1st sess.) ...................................................... 34
     Senate Resolution 190 (83d. Cong., 2d sess.) ..................................................... 34
     Section of the United States Code requiring statement of ownership to be filed 
       annually with postmaster ....................................................................... 35
     Code of National Cartoonists Society ............................................................. 35
     Code of the Association of Comics Magazines Publishers, 1948 ..................................... 35
     Code of the Comics Magazine Association of America, Inc., adopted October 26, 1954 ............... 36
     Correspondence from the Committee on Evaluation of Comic Books, Cincinnati, Ohio ................. 38
     List of comic book publishers and comic book titles, spring 1954 ................................. 39
     Chart showing the organization of the comic-book industry in the United States, 
       according to distributor, comic group, publisher, in the spring of 1954 ........................ 44

          The first phase of the subcommittee's investigation of the mass media of communication dealt with so-called comic books. This report is an interim one dealing with certain aspects of the findings to date of the investigation in this field. While it is not presumed to be comprehensive of the material that can be explored in this field, this interim report is based upon the public hearings in New York City on April 21, 22, and June 4, 1954, and upon research by members of the staff of the subcommittee. Because of the limited extent of the studies that exist on this subject, due in part to the comparatively recent introduction of comic books, there remains a considerable area which deserves careful and scientific exploration.
          When looking at the question: What are "comic books?" we find that many, including all those with which the subcommittee's investigation was concerned, were found to be neither humorous nor books. They are thin, 32-page pamphlets usually trimmed to 7 by 10 1/2 inches. Most of them sell for 10 cents a copy. They are issued monthly, bimonthly, quarterly, semiannually, or as one-time publications. They are wire-stitched in a glossy paper cover on which, in the crime and horror type, there has been printed in gaudy colors an often grim and lurid scene contrived to intrigue prospective purchasers into buying them. The inside page contain from 3 to 5 stories told in pictures with balloon captions. The pictures are artists' line drawings printed in color, intended to tell part of the story by showing the characters in action. In the case of crime and horror comic books, the story and the action are often quite horrendous.
          Not all comic books were considered in this investigation. The subcommittee was concerned only with those dealing with crime and horror. It was estimated that by the spring of 1954 over 30 million copies of crime and horror comic books were being printed each month. ¹ If only 50 percent of that number were sold by the retailers, the annual gross from crime and horror comic books had reached $18 million. These constituted approximately 20 percent of the total output of comic books. The inquiry was not concerned in this phase with the comic strips that appear daily in most of our newspapers.

1. This estimate is slightly different from the estimate prepared by the staff of the subcommittee prior to the New York hearings on April 21 and 22, 1954.

2. See Hearings Before Subcommittee To Investigate Juvenile Delinquency (Comic Books) of the Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, 83d Cong., 2d sess., pp.12-23, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1954

II. A Brief History of the Development of the Comic Book Industry

          The pattern for present-day comic books was set in 1935 when Now Fun, a 64-page collection of original material printed in four colors, was put on the newsstands. Action Comics were put on sale in 1938, and Superman Quarterly Magazine appeared in 1939. The number of comic book publishers has increased and the circulation figures have risen astonishingly since that time.
          It has been estimated conservatively that in 1940 publishers of at least 150 comic-book titles had annual revenues of over 20 million. Ten years later, in 1950 about 300 comic-book titles were being published with annual revenues of nearly 41 million. The upswing in the next 3 years brought the number of titles to over 650 and the gross to about 90 million.³ Average monthly circulation jumped from close to 17 million copies in 1940 to 68 million in 1953.

3. No accurate figures are available. Many of the newer publishers of comic books do not report to the Audit Bureau of Circulations nor to the Controlled Circulation Audits, the two firms that compile circulation figures. The subcommittee, in making the above estimate, took the most conservative estimate. It assumed that 300,000 copies of each comic-book title were printed, even though information given to the subcommittee indicated that is a minimum print order and that some print orders are close to the million mark. It was also assumed that one-half of the comic books printed were sold, even though information given was to the effect that the "break-even" point for the average publisher would more likely be closer to 65 percent. And finally it was assumed that one-half of all the comic books were published monthly and that the remainder were published bimonthly, even though information furnished by the publishers themselves indicate that more than one-half of the comic books were published monthly. See McNickle, Roma K., Policing the Comics, Editorial Research Reports, 1205 19th street NW., Washington D.C. , vol. I, 1952, pp. 229-330. See also N. W. Ayer & Son's Directory of Newspapers an Periodicals for the Years 1945 through 1953.

          On first impression, the present comic-book industry would seem to comprise many different publishing firms with no apparent relationship to one to another. On closer scrutiny, however, it is fount that the picture is entirely different.
          Information obtained by the subcommittee indicates that, while there are 112 seemingly separate and distinct corporations engaged in the publication of comic books, these corporations, through such devices as common-stock holders and officer and family ties are in fact owned and controlled by a relatively small group of men and women. Thus the 676 comic-book titles are published by 111 corporations owned by only 121 persons or families in addition to 1 corporation which has many stockholders. ⁴

4. Listing of publishers and titles shown on Pp.39-44 of appendix to this report.

III. The Nature of Crime and Horror Comic Books

          To point out more specifically type of material being dealt with, a few typical examples of story content and pictures were presented at the New York hearings on April 21, 1954. From the few following examples, it will be clearly seen that the major emphasis of the material then available on America's newsstands from this segment of the comic book industry dealt with depraved violence:

          This story has to do with a confirmed alcoholic who spends all his wife can earn on alcohol. As a result their small son is severely neglected. On the day the son is to start in the first grade in school the mother asks the father to escort him to the school building. Instead, the father goes to his favorite bootlegger and the son goes to school by himself. En route the child is struck and killed by an automobile. Informed of the accident, the mother returns home to find her husband gloating over his new supply of liquor. The last four panels show the mother as she proceeds to kill and hack her spouse to pieces with an ax. The first panel shows her swinging the ax, burying the blade in her husband's skull. Blood spurts from the open wound and the husband is shown with an expression of agony. The next panel has a montage effect: the husband is lying on the floor with blood rushing from his skull as the wife is poised over him. She holds he bloody ax, raised for more blows. The background shows an enlargement of the fear-filled eyes of the husband, as well as an enlargement of the bloody ax. To describe this scene of horror the text states that "And how the silence of the Hendrick's apartment is broken only by the soft humming of Nora as she busies herself with her 'work'." She then cuts his body into smaller pieces and disposes of it by placing the various pieces in the bottles of liquor her husband had purchased. She then returns the liquor to the bootlegger and obtains a refund. As she leaves the bootlegger says: "HMMN, funny! I figured that rye would be inside Lou by now!" The story ends with the artist admonishing the child readers in a macabre vein with the following paragraph, "But if Westlake were to examine the remainder of the case more closely he'd see that it is Lou who is inside the liquor! Heh, Heh! Sleep well, kiddies!" We then see three of the bottles - one contains an eye, one an ear, and one a finger.

          This story concerns an attractive and glamorous young woman, Mary, who gains control of a California underworld gang. Under her leadership the gang embarks on a series of holdups marked for their ruthlessness and violence. One of these escapades involves the robbery of a bank. A police officer sounds an alarm thereby reducing the gang's "take" to a mere $25,000. One of the scenes of violence in the story shows Mary poised over the wounded police officer, as he lies on the pavement, pouring bullets into his back from her submachine gun. The agonies of the stricken officer are clearly depicted on his face. Mary, who in this particular scene looks like an average American girl wearing a sweater and skirt and with her hair in bangs, in response to a plea from one of her gang members to stop shooting and flee, states: "We could have got twice as much if it wasn't for this frog-headed rat!!! I'll show him!"

          A promising young surgeon begins to operate on a wounded criminals in order to gain the money demanded by his spendthrift wife. After he has ruined his professional career by becoming associated with the underworld, a criminal comes to get help for his girl friend who has been shot by the police. In the accompanying panels the girl is placed upon the operating table; the doctor discovers that the criminal's girl friend is none other than his own wife. The scene then shows the doctor committing suicide by plunging a scalpel into his own abdomen. His wife, gasping for help, also dies on the operating table for a lack of medical attention. The last scene shows her staring into space, arms dangling over the sides of the operating table. The doctor is sprawled on the floor, his hand still clutching the knife handle protruding from his bloody abdomen. There is a leer on his face and he is winking at the reader connoting satisfaction at having wrought revenge upon his unfaithful spouse.

          This is the story of a small golden-haired girl named Lucy, of perhaps 8 or 10 years of age, and the story is told in her own words. Lucy hates both her parents. Her father is an alcoholic who beats her when drunk. Her mother, who never wanted Lucy, has a secret boy friend. The only bright spot in Lucy's life is her Aunt Kate with whom she would like to live. Lucy's chance to alter the situation comes when the father, entering the front gate to the home, meets his wife who is running away with the other man, who immediately flees. Snatching a gun from the night table, Lucy shoots and kills her father from the window. She then runs out into the yard and presses the gun into the hands of her mother, who has fainted and lies unconscious on the ground. Then through Lucy's perjured testimony at the following trial, both the mother and her boy friend are convicted of murdering the father and are electrocuted. These pictures that show, first, "Mommie" and then "Stevie" as they sit strapped to the electric chair as the electric shock strikes them. Other pictures show Lucy's joyous contentment that it has all worked out as she had planned and she is now free to live with her Aunt Kate. The last picture shows her winking at the reader and saying "*** which is just the way I'd hope it would work out when I shot daddy from the front bedroom window with the gun I knew was in the night table and went downstairs and put the gun in mommy's hand and started the crying act."

          This is the story of a petty gangster, Bernie Kellog. He is in a cheap, small town hotel, where he starts to have chest pains and calls a physician. The doctor gives Bernie a drug to calm his nerves. The drug makes Bernie feel like talking and he tells the doctor that he is in the hotel waiting for a women to bring him $50,000 in blackmail money. He tells the doctor how the woman begged to be "let off the hook" because her husband didn't have that much money. Bernie insists, however, so the women goes home and commits suicide. As it turns out, the women, Elaine, is the doctor's wife. One of the pictures then presented shows the doctor sitting dazedly on the edge of the bed * * * And, stretched across the bed, we find Bernie with his heart cut out. Bernie is shown lying dead on the bed with a gaping hole in his chest, a rib protruding, blood flowing over the bed and onto the floor, his face fixed in a death mask as he stares at the reader.

          An extremely sadistic schoolteacher gives special attention to one of her pupils in order to curry favor with the boy's rich, widowed father. In a year she succeeds in marrying the man, but he turns out to be a miser. She stabs him to death with a butcher knife approximately a foot and a half in length and 3 inches wide. The picture shows the body of the old man, limbs askew, falling to the floor, emitting a gurgle. There is a large hole in this back and blood is squirting in all directions. The wife is behind him clutching the bloody butcher knife. She says: "You stupid old fool! I've stood for your miserly, penny-pinching ways long enough! From now on it'll be my money *** and I'll spend it my way! Die Ezra *** die!" She then covers up her crime by throwing him into a pen with a wild bull that gores his body to pieces. She now has the money, but also the stepson whom she hates. The boy suspects that she killed his father and makes her chase him around the farm by calling her names. He leads her to some quicksand and she falls in. Several pictures show her as she begs the boy to get help. He promises to do so if she confesses to him that she killed his father. She does so, and he then lets her sink to her death. A close up is shown of the terrified women, sunk into the quicksand which is slowing into her open mouth. The boy is quite satisfied with himself and walks about the farm humming a tune while others search for his "lost" stepmother.

          It is appropriate to point out that these were not the only, nor the worst, pictures and stories gathered by the subcommittee during the investigation. In fact, they constitute a small sampling of the total array of crime and horror comic books available to the youth of this Nation.

          Physical acts shown in the foregoing pictures are not the only means for portraying violence in the crime nd horror type of comic books. Violence is frequently demonstrated by the type of character, plot, and setting of a story; as well as by the sequence of events and by the language used in the "balloons." The following are a few examples of some of the deveices used in the portrayal of violence and horror:

1. Character, plot, and setting
          The majority of fantasy stories, which pictorially depicted relatively few physical acts of violence, dealt with supernatural people and events. More frequently the supernatural phenomena involved werewolves, vampires, zombies, witches, people returning from the dead, and animal monsters. Physical violence usually occurred in only 1 or 2 frames. The total extent of violence, however, cannot be measured by counting isolated frames taken out of context. Each frame contributed to the story buildup of horror and suspense.
          One method of portraying horror relates supernatural phenomena with real people and things. In this type of story, horror was portrayed by making use of fantastic supernatural powers and by identifying these powers with people and animals that really exist. By association, it is suggested that real policemen may be ghouls who prey of the citizens of a city. The next-door neighbor may be a zombie secretly plotting with other zombies, also neighbors, to take over the world. Ordinary house pets are actually men's enemies awaiting the opportunity to destroy him.
          Another resource for portraying horror places supernatural beings, such as werewolves and vampires in highly realistic settings. Therefor, horror is identified not only with real people but also with real situations. An example of this type was pointed out in the hearings by Richard Clendenen, subcommittee executive director. It was the story of a small orphan who was adopted by two individuals ostensibly devoted to the child. After having fattened him up, they entered his room and night, fangs bared, and it is seen that they were vampires. The boy however is turned into a werewolf and attacks the two and claws them. Thus, violence and horror are not restricted in comic books to the isolated action shown in each frame. Though there are no frames with physical violence in some instances, a while story may create horror by its selection of characters, sequence of events and situations.

2. Language
          Words alone, or in conjunction with pictures, may describe violence and horror more vividly than the graphic techniques. In comic books, language is utilized to contribute to horror in several ways. It may be used to (a) stimulate the reader's anticipation of horrible things to come; (b) reinforce a belief in supernatural monsters; (c) describe desires impossible of being shown graphically; and (d) describe killings.
          One of the more frequent functions of language in crime comics is to replace graphic portrayals of brutal killings. In such instances the pictures do not show the weapons in contact with the victims, more are the victims mangled bodies exposed to the reader. The acts of killing, however, and their effects on the victims are imaginatively described in the texts. The following serves as an illustration of this technique:
          A man is shown lifting an ax preparatory to striking his wife on the floor. In the next frame he lowers the ax, the wife is now show but the caption reads: "Bertha squealed as Norman brought the ax down. The swinging of the steel and the thud of the razor-sharp metal against flesh cut the squeal short." In the next frame he holds the ax poised again, the body still is not exposed and the caption reads: "He brought the ax down again and again, hacking, severing, dismembering."
          In cases similar to the above, violence is portrayed to the reader by words instead of pictures.
          Other symbols are often used to signify violence and horror. The red background of a picture is used as symbolic of blood. This may be noted in the following example:
          The caption reads: "His (the victim's) shrieks dies to a s bubbling moan *** then a final death rattle. *** You did not stop swinging the chair until the thing on the floor was a mass of oozing scarlet pulp." No body is shown but the entire frame is colored red.

3. Sequence
          Another method in which the impressions of horror or violence may be conveyed is by the sequence of events. Stories may be so constructed that each frame stimulates the imagination of the reader up to a shocking climax in the last frame. The sequence may be carried out through the use of words and pictures which, in themselves, are unrelated to horror. One of the more subtle instances where violence was portrayed by neither action, words, nor color, is the following:
          The story is about a man who gets entangled in a swamp. One frame shows him in the swamp and a huge vulture circling above the doomed man. The next frame shows the man being carried out on a stretcher with bandages over his eyes.⁵

5 Acknowledge for this section on methods of portraying violence in comic books is due Mrs. Marilyn Graalfs of the department of sociology of the University of Washington who prepared A Survey of Comic Books in the state of Washington (mimeographed), Seattle, 1954. This was a report made to Washington State Council for Children and Youth, having been prepared in cooperation with the research and statistics section of the department of public institutions.

IV. Crime and Horror Comic Books as a Contributing Factor in Juvenile Delinquency

          Inquiring into the relationship of crime and horror comic books to juvenile delinquency, the subcommittee approached this question without preconceived convictions. It was not assumed that comic books are a major cause of juvenile delinquency. On the other hand, care was taken to avoid stating categorically that these crime and horror comic books have no effect in aggravating the problem.
          However, there are many who accept the idea of the cause and effect relationship between comic-book reading by children and antisocial behavior. Many judges have pointed to crime and horror comic books and have cited cases of children who have explained their delinquent acts by claiming they got the ideas from such comic books. This kind of evidence is largely discounted by the behavioral scientists, who point out that children can hardly be expected to understand their own behavior, much less explain it. A child may ascribe his behavior to a comic book he has read, but such explanations without substantiating findings can scarcely be considered scientific evidence of causation.
          The behavioral sciences are as yet far from exact. Therefore, it is not surprising to note some diversity of opinion even among experts in the fields of criminology, psychology and sociology. Responsible observers of the American social pattern are in general agreement that juvenile delinquency has many causes, not just one.
          Today there are many who consider themselves experts who persist in explaining all delinquency solely as a product of personality maladjustment, while at the other extreme, there are those who find the influence of the slum to be the source of all difficulties. Others points solely to the influence of crime and horror comic books. These people overlook the fact that no one personality trait or social background distinguishes delinquent children. The endless variations of circumstance, opportunity, and personal history must be taken into account. When doing this, it is necessary to determine the effects in each case of all the contributing factors.           A study of crime and horror comic books should consider their effects upon children in the total setting of the child's behavior pattern. It was the concern of the subcommittee to inquire into expert opinion of the relationship between this material and the delinquent behavior of children who are (a) considered to be emotionally stable and (b) those thought of as emotionally maladjusted. The following is a brief summary of professional opinion in which the attempt is made to reflect some of the divergencies where they exist:

          Attention has been given by some experts to the influence of crime and horror comics on well-adjusted children who normally are not in conflict with society. Majority opinion seems included to view that it is unlikely that the reading of crime and horror comics would lead to delinquency in a well-adjusted and normally law-abiding child.
          A different view is held by Dr. Frederic Wertham, consulting psychiatrist, Department of Hospitals, New York City. He maintains that it is primarily the "normal" child upon whom the comics have their greatest detrimental effects, and thus it is this type of individual who is "tempted" and "seduced" into imitating the crime portrayed in the story. Dr. Wertham has been termed the "leading crusader against comics." Although stating that he does not adhere to a single factor theory of delinquency causation, he does attribute a large portion of juvenile offenses to the comics. ⁶

6. See Wertham, Frederic, Seduction of the Innocent, New York; 1954.

          A critique of the position that has been held by Dr. Wertham for many years is found in an article by Prof. Frederic M. Thrasher entitled, "The Comics and Delinquency: Cause or Scapegoat." This article which appeared in 1949, pointed to alleged weakness in Dr. Wertham's approach, the major one being that his propositions are not supported by adequate research data. ⁷ Professor Thrasher asserted that Dr. Wertham's claims rest upon a selected group of extreme cases. Although Dr. Wertham has since declared that his conclusions are based upon a study of thousands of children, he has not offered the statistical details of his study. He says that he used control groups, i.e. compared his groups of delinquents with a similar group on nondelinquents, but he has not described the groups to prove that difference in incidence of comic-book reading is other than a selective process. In conclusion, Professor Thrasher writes:

*** it may be said that no acceptable evidence has been produced by Wertham or anyone else for the conclusion that the reading comic magazines has, or has not, a significant relation to delinquent behavior.

A summarization of Professor Thrasher's contention is that in 1949, the case against comic books had not been proved pro or con. His presentation points out the need for more study and research that subject which has not yet been done.

7 Thrasher, Frederic M., The Comics and Delinquency: Cause of Scapegoat, in the Journal of Educational Sociology, December 1949, pp. 195-905.

          Dr. Harris Peck, director of the bureau of mental health services for the New York City Court of Domestic Relationships, indicated in his testimony that there is a possible relationship of crime and horror comic books to juvenile delinquency through appealing to and thus giving support and sanction to already existing antisocial tendencies. ⁸ While pointing out that it is unlikely that comic books are a primary cause of juvenile delinquency, he stated that that it should not be overlooked that certain comic book may aid and abet, as it were, delinquent behavior which has been set in motion by other forces already operating on the child. Dr Harris has also noted the preoccupation with comics of many delinquents with whom he has come in contact. This observation should be weighed with reference to the fact tat there are many nondelinquents who are avid comic-book readers.

8 See Peck, Harris, testimony in hearings before the Subcommittee To Investigate Juvenile Delinquency of the Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, 83d Cong., 2d sess., pp. 63-69, Washington: Government Printing Office 1954.

          It is appropriate that a distinction be made between the "emotionally maladjusted" delinquent to which reference has been made and the "normally adjusted" delinquent. It is quite possible for an individual to be both socially and psychologically adjusted within his own group of delinquent companions. While the group may commit acts of delinquency and be completely out of joint with society as a whole, the individual members may have the same normal feelings and needs as members of a law-abiding group of the same age. Therefor, even though these delinquent youths are deemed emotionally stable, the content of the crime comic books may coincide with the attitudes and values of the group and give support to the group's delinquent activities.
          This leads to the conclusion that in both the "emotionally abnormal" and the "emotionally normal" delinquent, the contents of crime and horror comic books may become a part of the youth's total experience and operate as another of the many supports of antisocial behavior present today in our society.
          There exists in a minority opinion that suggests a possible cathartic effect can be achieved by reading about or looking at a violent action; that is, a period of calm, or relaxation results. The possibility was suggested that this effect may become desirable for certain individuals and may develop into a mechanism by which they can relieve everyday tension which cannot otherwise be coped with satisfactorily. However, even among authorities in the field of child development who agree that such material does have a cathartic effect, some believe that the same kind of effect might be achieved more safely through other means for the vicarious expression of aggression.

          Another aspect of the contribution of comic books to juvenile delinquency, in the opinion of a number of experts, was the indication that more serious forms of delinquency incorporate knowledge of specific techniques which many comic books provide. This was considered to be another valid criticism of comic books, i.e., they offer juveniles a comprehensive written and pictorial presentation of both methods and techniques of criminal activities. Dr. Robert H. Felix, director of the National Institute of Mental Health, attributed this negative feature to comic books when he wrote:

They might well be instructive in the techniques of criminal activity and the avoidance of detection. ⁹

9 Hearings before the Subcommittee To Investigate Juvenile Delinquency Comic Book of the Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, 83d Cong., 2d sess., p.11, Washington: Government Printing Office 1954.

          Offering an example of this practice of teaching crime techniques via crime through comic books, Dr. Wertham testified:

*** I had no idea how one would go about stealing from a locker in Grand Central, but I have comic books which describe that in minute detail and I could go out and do it.

          Dr. Wertham was the first psychiatrist to call attention of the American people to crime and horror comics. It in incontrovertible that he has exerted far-reaching influence through alerting parents' and citizens' groups to the extent of bestiality and depravity being dispensed to children through such comics.
          Content analysis of crime comics by the subcommittee indicated that in most instances the crimes as portrayed in these books were committed with little finesse or imagination. Guns were the most frequent weapon for murder. "Holdups," safe blowing and payroll seizures were among the methods employed in robberies. However, there were stories in which utilization was made of the following: lead pipes, kitchen knives, wet rawhide belts (tied around a man's neck to dry in the sun, thereby shrinking and strangling him), whips, hot coffee thrown in a person's face, wrenches, jagged edges of bottles, and acid (for "melting a person's face"). In a few stories more sophisticated methods of crime were described. For example, it was explained that it is easier to pick pockets in a cafeteria because "a man hesitates to drop a tray of food to see if his pockets have been picked"; and it was suggested that tires can be stolen from one junkyard and sold to another.

          A number of impressions were obtained from reading how the criminal moves in his cultural pattern as depicted by the crime comics. For example, crime may have brought wealth and fame even though it was sometimes temporary. Large monetary rewards from crime were shown through scenes of cash being counted or money being spent on luxurious living. Through committing bizarre crimes, individuals became widely known figures and sometimes they became idols, eulogized through the publicity accorded them in the newspapers. Many of the stories included texts which describe the sensation experienced by a killer. Killing was described as the means of acquiring a high degree of self-confidence, giving the individual a feeling of strength and power. A highly pleasing physical sensation was also described as resulting from killing.
          Some stories in comic books showed that membership in the criminal underworld was dependent upon certain personal characteristics highly valued by experienced criminals. These attributes were mainly physical. Criminals were admired for their "toughness," their hatred for "cops" and a willingness to commit any type of crime regardless of the risk involved. In their interpersonal relationships, comic-book criminals never exhibited such human virtues as consideration of others, charity and the like. Furthermore, to reinforce the behavior expected of the potential criminal, names suggestive of toughness were assigned to him.
          In some of the stories, murder for revenge was justified under certain conditions. The murderers were not apprehended and there was no suggestion that they would be taken in custody at a future date. The end of the criminal's career came about, if at all, through chance factors or by superhuman beings or other ideal types. As the latter two do not exist in reality, the obvious interpretation from these stories is that crime does pay if one is ruthless and clever to a sufficient degree.
          However, defenders and hired apologists for the crime and horror comic books constantly point out that in the majority of crime and horror comics, the villain came to a well-deserved end.

          There were a number of comics of the type which pictured the hero as some sort of supernatural being always impervious to any physical harm. In these comic books the crime was always real and the superhuman's triumph over good was unreal. Commenting on this Dr. Wertham singled out the superman comic books as being injurious to the ethical development of children. Dr. Wertham believes these books arouse phantasies of sadistic joy in seeing other people repeatedly punished while the hero remains immune. He called this the superman complex. Another witness referred to this idea when she gave examples of institutionalized children injuring themselves by jumping off high places in attempts to fly like the comic-book characters.
          Members of the subcommittee believe that in this respect content of the comic books can be criticized In many crime comics, law and order are maintained by supernatural and superhuman heroes, and officers of the law, ineffective in apprehending criminal, must depend on aid from fantastic characters. The law-enforcement officials who do solve cases often succeed through "accidental events." In contrast, actual law-enforcement officials are at a disadvantage in terms of prestige and the small part they play in apprehending criminals. The impressions obtained from the comic books are contrary to the methodical routine work characteristic of police investigation.
          Discussing the ethical content of comic books, Dr. Wertham took to task the oft-reiterated statement that in these books good wins over evil and that law and order always in the end. ¹⁰ He pointed out that there are whole comic books in which every single story ends with the triumph of evil, with a perfect crime unpunished and actually glorified.

10 It should be pointed out that there are innumerable stories of this nature. But in stories containing 32 picture panels, the criminal often lived splendidly off the fruits of his crimes. It is not until the last panel that he met his doom at the hands of a fantasy character or by some stupid mistake.

          Surveying the work that has been done on the subject, it appears to be the consensus of the experts that comic-book reading is not the cause of emotional maladjustment on children. Although comic-book reading can be a symptom of such maladjustment, the emotionally disturbed child because of abnormal needs may show in a greater tendency to read books of this kind than will the normal child. This theory appears as valid as the thinking that alcoholism is a symptom of an emotional disturbance rather than its cause.
          It as has also been suggested that the child with difficulties may find in comic books representations of the kinds of problems with which he is dealing, and that comic books will, therefore, have a value for him which they do not have for a child who is relatively free of these troubles. Further, it is stated that the kinds of comic books a child chooses often provides the child psychiatrist with some clues to the kinds of problems faced by the child.

          Although the inquiry revealed the marked differences of opinion among experts, the need for careful, large-scale research studies was repeatedly made apparent. Samples of crime and horror comics were sent to Carl H. Rush, Jr., Ph.D., executive assistant of the American Psychological Association, and to Dr. R. H. Felix, Director of the National Institute of Mental Health, so that they could study them and give their professional opinions as to the possible effects this type of reading material might have on children. Both of these individuals commented upon the need for scientific research in this field.
          The few approaches already taken and the reasons for the scarcity of sound findings on this topic have been indicated by Dr. Rush. ¹¹ It is evident from his brief summary of some studies in this topic area that research has been concerned with segmental aspects of the problem. Juvenile delinquency is a developmental problem and for that reason research should be conducted on a longitudinal basis in which the subjects of the investigation are examined periodically over a span of several years. Research of this type is beyond the means of individual investigators. The financial support of a foundation or institution is required if the scope of study is to be adequate.

11 Ruch, Carl H., letter in hearings before the Subcommittee To Investigate Juvenile Delinquency Comic Book of the Committee of the Judiciary, U. S. Senate, 83d Cong., 2d sess., pp. 162-164, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1954.

          There can be little question that research is much needed on these problems. If we are to fully understand the impact of crime and horror comic books upon the behavior of normal and emotionally disturbed children, a broad program of research must be undertaken and means for its support must be provided. Furthermore, it seems desirable that such research be but one of a number of controlled studies, each to be directed to one of the facets of the problem of juvenile delinquency. The influence of comic books is but one aspect of a larger program which has as its ultimate objective the determination of the multiple causes of juvenile delinquency.

V. Other Questionable Aspects of Comic Books

          Considerable concern has been expressed regarding the type of advertising often carried in comic books. The responses by children to such ads sometimes results in the development of mailing lists that are rented to other concerns for the direct mail solicitation of such children for the purchase of salacious materials.

          Among the more objectionable advertisements that came to the attention of the subcommittee was a full-page advertisement, labeled "Sportsman's Paradise," operated by a concern listing a New York address, which shows a variety of weapons that may be purchased by mail order. Several might be a threat to the safety of children. Although one line of the coupon reads, "Note: Not sold to minors under 17, state age," it is needless to say that no real proof of age was required.
          The illustrations in the advertisement introduced at the New York hearings showed at least 10 dangerous articles that would appeal to a minor, ranging from a powerful hunting crossbow, a throwing dagger and a "fireball" slingshot, to a .22-caliber automatic (not available to New York residents) and an army training rifle. Their descriptions leave little for the imagination. For example, "Oriental battle knife- designed for long-distance throwing, it is made to split a board at 30 feet and is balanced to stick ***"; "Commando knife-real 'Commando' weapon. An all-metal, needle-pointed, razor-sharp 12-inch knife that may save your life ***"; the " 'Fireball' slingshot-silent, sweet shooting. Extra powerful- you get that 'feel of accuracy' with your first shots ***"; "Throwing dagger. An exciting sport that provide fun and thrills - indoors or outdoors. This knife is light in weight and expertly balanced to stick. Tempered steel blade with double bevel edges ***"; "Arrow sling fun. A new thrill in hunting. Powerful sling fun sends 12-inch metal-tipped arrows through metal-guide barrel to 300 inch range. Swift. Silent. Accurate. Kills all small game. Five arrows included ***"; or "Finnish hunting knife, handmade in Finland. Richly engraved blade with deep blood grooves. Flashy horse-head handle ***."
          Numerous pseudomedical advertisements in comic books and love magazines are aimed at the teen-ager's desire to glorify his personal appearance or to improve his physique through easy measures: a tablet to put on weight; a tablet or chewing gum to take off weight; hair and scalp formula; skin cleanser or treatment for pimples; an electrically operated "spot reducer"; a course in exercises to develop muscles.
          An example in point is the advertisement of Kelpidine chewing gum, supposedly useful in enabling one to reduce weight. Sales of the article are essentially conducted by mail order. The Post Office Department advised the subcommittee that it has been interested in this product for some time. Examination and analysis of Kelpidine chewing gum by the Food and Drug Administration indicated that it consists essentially of small squares of chewing gum containing a small amount of powdered kelp (seaweed). The presence of the kelp ingredient has no particular significance in the article, and there was found no reason to believe it was harmful. On the other hand, there was found no valid reason for concluding that the article has any particular effectiveness for enabling one to reduce weight - the primary representation on which it is offered for sale.
          Action has been taken by the Federal Trade Commission against some of the concerns making false advertising claims. In a number of instances the Food and Drug Administration has taken exception to the labeling of a product. Nor are the prices of these temptingly advertised goods within comfortable reach of youth in the deteriorated areas of large cities where certain types of crime and horror comics are most often found.

          Many business firms making sales by direct mail obtain the names and addresses of persons from lists which are purchased from brokers who have in turn secured these lists from still other mail-order houses. A firm wishing to sell auto seat covers might be interested in purchasing a mailing list of people who had made mail-order purchases of auto compasses.
          Attention has been called to the fact that juveniles in this country receive large quantities of direct-mail advertising for salacious and sexually stimulating materials. In some instances it has been pointed out that such advertising was received following a youngster's response to an advertisement appearing in a comic book.
          The Post Office Department informed the subcommittee that the mails had been used to advertise and sell a book entitles "The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Sex," by Dr. A. Willy and others; of 297 complaints received over a period dating from April 1951, 93 concerned mailings to minors. Although the book was not considered obscene, the methods of advertising by the publisher included blaring advertisements in numerous magazines, showing pictures of scantily clad young women in sexually provocative poses.
          Parents from many States complained the the subcommittee that teen-age sons, daughters, and friends had received advertisements which flagrantly describe obscene material. In the New York investigation it was discovered that Samuael Roth, who for many years has been engaged in using the mails to advertise lewd and lascivious printed materials, had purchased mailing lists that contained the names of many teen-agers. Roth refused to testify before the subcommittee, claiming his rights under the fifth amendment to the Constitution.
          It was found that Roth purchased 136,567 names and addresses from Robert B. Vallon of the Mapleton Service Co. Many of those names were obtained through correspondence with comic-book readers. A sample circular, mailed out by Roth to a 16-year-old high-school student, advertised such books as Wild Passion, Wanton by Night, Waterfront Hotel, and The Shame of Oscar Wild, all of which have been declared nonmailable under the postal obscenity law. Roth's advertisements also carried descriptions of "seven books of pleasure and sexual excitement calculated to keep you on blissful heights for days and days. ***"
          The development of mailing lists and their sale is now a large-scale practice. Members of the subcommittee expressed concern that some purveyors of salacious literature may deliberately seek to secure mailing lists of juveniles for direct-mail solicitation. One publisher, Alex Segal, testified that "by mistake" one of his trays of addressograph plates bearing the names of 400 children was routed to the publisher of sex literature. Segal himself advertises and sells books called How to Hypnotize-A Master Key to Hypnotism. This advertisement appeared in Quality Comics and portrayed a male looking at a young female with the caption "What the thrill of imposing your will on someone? Stravon Publishers will tell you how." Upon receipt of the book on hypnotism, a child also received a list of other purchasable material-including sex literature. Advertisements of such nature have been received by juveniles as young as 9 years old.
          This matter has been under study by the subcommittee, and we have called it to the attention of the Attorney General, the Postmaster General, and the Committees on Post Office and Civil Service of the Senate and the House. If such actions constitute violation of the laws dealing with the mails to offer for sale obscene, lewd, lascivious, or filthy material, when consideration is given to the fact the offer is being made to persons of immature years, then we are at loss to being made to understand why something has not been done to apprehend the offenders. If the existing statues are found to be inadequate to meet this situation, a study will be made to determine what changes will be necessary in existing legislation to prohibit such practices.
          To summarize, although some of the advertising in comic books is of acceptable standards, many advertisements are directed toward the sale of articles that are potentially harmful to children, or are fraudulent in that the articles are unable to effect the physical changes claimed. Because of the manner in which mailing lists are sold, some juveniles who have answered advertisements appearing in comic book have been solicited by publishers of obscene or salacious materials. The question has been raised regarding the responsibility publishers of comic books should assume for protecting their young readers, both from the wrong kind of advertising and from any misuse of resulting mailing lists which might accrue through the acceptance of advertising from other than reliable firms.

          It has been repeatedly affirmed that the comic book, native product of the United States, is provoking discussion in other countries. Many Americans have expressed indignation of the influence these books may have upon the children and young adults in other parts of the world.
          Some hold the view that there is no way in which we could give the young people abroad a more unfavorable and distorted view of American values, aspirations, and cultural pattern that through crime and horror comics. The destructive potentials of the comic book must be recognized both within our domestic society and in consideration of our relationship to peoples abroad. Publishers of undesirable comic books should be made aware of the negative effects these books may exert upon the thinking and conduct of persons who read them throughout the work and of the deplorable impression of the United States gained through their perusal.
          Several consideration stem from the impact of the comic books abroad. They are:
          1. Information gathered by United States Department of State personnel in many countries reveals public concern over the spread of crime and horror comic book reading. As far as can be ascertained by the subcommittee, concern has been expressed in almost every European country over the problem posed by the introduction of American comics, or comics of that pattern, since World War II.
          2. Crime and horror comic books introduced to foreign cultures a lowered intellectual milieu. Detective and weird stories, American style, present a hardened version of killing, robbery, and sadism.
          3. Comic book are distributed in many countries where the population is other than Caucasian. Materials depicting persons of other races as criminals may have meanings and implication for persons of another races which were unforeseen by the publisher.
          4. There is evidence that comic books are being utilized by the U.S.S.R. to undermine the morale of youth in many countries by pointing to crime and horror as portrayed in American comics as one of the end results of the most successful capitalist nation in the world.

          In Great Britain, where importation of comic books is restricted because of limitations on dollar exchange, comic books are published locally from United States copy or stereotypes. An example of British thought on comic books was expressed on July 17, 1952, in the House of Commons when American style comics were the subject of pointed criticism. Mr. Mourice Edelman, of the Labor Party, asserted:

          It is perfectly true that they were brought to this country in the first instance by American forces. They were widely read by American troops, but very rapidly it was found by publishers *** that there was a considerable market for this type of horror and sadistic literature; literature which glorifies the brute, literature which undermines the law simple because it suggests that the superman is the person who should take the law into his own hands and mete out justice in his own way. The most sinister thing about these publications is that they introduce the element of pleasure into violence. They encourage sadism; and they encourage sadism in association with an unhealthy sexual stimulation.

          Other members of the House of Commons where were present and participating in the debate referred to "the crude and alien idiom to which all of us take exception"; to the "anxiety among the parents of this country"; and to the "emphasis upon violence as such."
          Repeated recommendations have been made in various parts of the United Kingdom either to prohibit comic books of this sort or to establish a semiofficial advisory group to provide guidance to parents and teachers regarding this type of printed matter.
          A Communist magazine, printed in East Germany and devoted to bitter criticism of the United States, appeared under the name. "USA im Wort und Bild" (USA in Word and Pictures). The publication ridicules comic books and similar American attempts to present the classics in simple form. Some of the phrases read:

          Shakespeare in Yankee dialect is the latest "cultural triumph" *** The "cultural" achievement of the publishers is expressed on the jacket of the pamphlet: "You can quote the best quotations of Shakespeare and impress your friends, without reading the play."

          One example of racial antagonism resulting from the distribution of American-style comic books in Asia is cited by the former United States Ambassador to India, Chester Bowles, in his recent book, Ambassador's Report. He reports on page 297 the horrified reaction of an Indian friend whose son had come into possession of an American comic book entitled the Mongol Blood-Suckers. Ambassador Bowles describes the comic book as depicting a-

superman character struggling against half-human colored Mongolian tribesmen who has been recruited by the Communists to raid American hospitals in Korea and drink the plasma in the blood banks. In every picture they were portrayed with yellow skins, slanted eyes, hideous faces, and dripping jaws.

At the climax of the story, their leader summoned his followers to and attack on American troops. "Follow me, blood drinkers of Mongolia," he cried. "Tonight we dine well of red nectar." A few panels later he is shown leaping on an American soldier with the shout, "One rip at the throat, red blood spills over white skins. And we drink deep."

Ambassador Bowles commented:

          The Communist propagandists themselves could not possibly devise a more persuasive way to convince color sensitive Indians that American believe in the superior civilization of people with white skins, and that we are indoctrinating our children with bitter racial prejudice from the time they learn to read. ¹²

          Soviet propaganda cites the comic book in support of its favorite anti-American theme- the degeneracy of American culture. However, comic books are but one of a number of instruments used in Soviet propaganda to illustrate this theme. The attacks are usually supported with examples drawn from the less-desirable American motion pictures, television programs, literature, drama, and art.
          It is represented in the Soviet propaganda that the United States crime rate, particularly the incidence of juvenile delinquency, is largely incited by the murders, robberies, and other crimes portrayed in "trash literature." The reason such reading matter is distributed, according to that propaganda, is that the "imperialists" use it to condition a generation of young automaton who will be ready to march and kill in the future wars of aggression planned by the capitalists.

VI. Comic Books as a Medium of Communication

          Crime and horror comic books constitute but a segment, although quite a substantial segment, of the total comic-book industry in the United States. There are some publishers in this field who have not produced crime and horror comic books and do no intend to do so. The members of the subcommittee were particularly interested in certain aspects of the industry which relate to communication, education, and public opinion. In those areas, it appears that there are possibilities for positive contributions.
          Joseph W. Musial, educational director of the National Cartoonists Society, testified as a witness on the use of comics in informational programs. Appearing with Musial before the subcommittee were Walt Kelly, president of the National Cartoonists Society, and Milton Caniff, artist. They pointed to the widespread adaption of cartoons and comics as a medium of communication. They spoke of contributions the artists in their society had made in the public interest, and presented several exhibits of materials prepared for this purpose.
          Mr. Musial in an article described the increasing use of comic books in communicating messages in public relations. According to him the techniques used in the comics are especially suited to exert such mass appeal:

          So packed with condensed presentation is the cartoon, that although physically static, it may be said to be in motion a highly specialized art, it suggests movement, evokes hordes of other images, tells a story. It tells not of a man but of men; not of a wedding or a picnic or a fear or an appetite, but of weddings, picnics, fears, appetites in general. Employing a tremendously painstaking, exacting art of its own, the cartoon "hits home" to everyone because its topic and situation are grasped at once by all who view it. Unlike literal illustration, the cartoon employs exaggerated measurements and actions and values, and presents not only truth but universal, recognizable, appreciable truth. Universal truth is transformed by the cartoon into universal appeal, and thus the success of the cartoon is accounted for. ¹³

          Mr. Musial, Mr. Kelly, and Mr. Caniff, presenting the view of the National Cartoonists Society, offered a rather convincing case for the subtlety and humaneness of the deft cartoon or comic strip. They pointed out that the comic-book artist is usually not at the top of his career, but generally a beginner in the field. Mr. Kelly asserted that the code of the society ¹⁴ precluded from membership any artist who produces indecent or obscene matter or in any way proves himself to be an objectionable citizen.

14 The text of the code of the National Cartoonists Society appears on p. 35 of the appendix of this report

          The consensus is that the comic art has genuine appeal for a large segment of the American public. It is apparent that comic books have assumed major importance in the reading diet of thousands of American youths. For that reason, it is important that the artwork be of a high level. Although the cartoonists are not responsible for the accompanying script, it should measure up to some standards. Mr. Kelly pledged the Cartoonists Society to continually improving their own material, but the society -

views as unwarranted any additional legislative action that is intended to censor printed material.

*** We are left above all with the fact that for many thousands of children comic books, whether bad or "good," represent virtually their only contact with culture. There are children in the schools of our large cities who carry knives and guns. There are children who reach the last year of high school without ever reading a single book. Even leaving aside the increase in juvenile crime there seems to be lager numbers of children than ever before who, without going over the line into criminality, live almost entirely in a juvenile underground largely out of touch with the demands of social responsibility, culture, and personal refinement, and who grow up into an unhappy isolation where they are sustained by little else but the routine of the working day, the increasing clamor of television and the jukeboxes, and still, in their adult years, the comic books. This is a very fundamental problem; to blame the comic books, as Dr. Wertham does, is simple minded. But to say that the comics do not contribute to the situation would be like denying the importance of the children's classics and the great European novels in the development of an educated man. ¹⁵

          After hearing the presentation of Mr. Musial, Mr. Kelly, and Mr. Caniff to the effect that government and private agencies and philanthropic organizations have recognized the comic book as an effective medium of communication for worthwhile objectives, it is apparent too that the comic book can also be an effective medium of for unworthy objectives. The comic book is recognized as a means of publicizing crime and horror. There was no plausible reason offered as to why this medium should be less impressive when dealing with one kind of subject matter than with another.

          The subcommittee believes that this Nation cannot afford the calculated risk involved in the continued mass dissemination of crime and horror comic books to children.
          Where does the responsibility rest for preventing the distribution of such materials?
          With the comic book industry?
          With the parents, assisted by educational campaigns of civic organizations?
          With governmental censorship either at the Federal, State, or local levels?

          The subcommittee flatly rejects all suggestions of governmental censorship as being totally out of keeping with our basic American concepts of a free press operating in a free land for a free people.
          Canadian experience seems to indicate the futility of such an approach. Evidence introduced during the subcommittee's hearings indicated that in 1949 the Canadian Parliament passed a law making it an offense to print, publish, or sell a crime comic.¹⁶ According to the Honorable E. E. Fulton, member of the Canadian House of Commons, within a year or so following the enactment of the Canadian legislation, the crime comic as such almost completely disappeared from Canadian newsstands. Into the void poured such flood of love, sex, and girlie magazines that the Canadian Senate established a special committee to look into the sale and distribution of salacious literature.

16 See Hearings Before the Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency (Comic Books) of the Committee on the Judiciary, U. S. Senate, 83d Cong., 2d sess., p.256, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1954.

          After a bit, however, there crept into Canada the crime comic in its original form. It also began to appear in an alternative form, i.e., the horror comic. Mr Fulton ascribed many reasons for the reappearance on the Canadian newsstands of crime and horror comics, despite the criminal statue: inability to reach a major publisher for prosecution since they are, in the main, in the United States; relaxation of public vigilance so that there was no longer the constant supervision of newsstands to pick out offensive publications and bring them to the attention of the authorities and demand prosecution; and, inability and unwillingness of customs officials to act as censors.
          Legislation has been enacted by three States, New York, New Jersey, and Idaho, to prohibit what is known as tie-in sales practices. There was testimony before the subcommittee that some newsdealers handle crime and horror comic books because they fear they will be penalized by the wholesaler if they refuse to do so. This penalty frequently takes the form of withholding more popular periodicals from the newsdealer who refuses to sell crime and horror comics or other objectional publications. Evidence heard by the subcommittee indicated that such practices are geographically widespread but scattered.
          Testimony was also presented to the subcommittee that these restrictive practices did not exist.
          It was suggested to the subcommittee that Federal legislation prohibiting tie-in sales on all printed matter involved in interstate commerce would be of marked assistance. However, while the subcommittee is of the opinion that such a Federal statue is not needed at this time, this matter has been brought to the attention of the Attorney General to determine if the charges of tie-in sales, if substantiated, constitute violations of the antitrust laws as presently enacted.

          There is no doubt that much can and has been accomplished toward eliminating crime and horror comic books from newsstands through vigorous citizen action in local communities. Children can be guided away from the purchases of crime and horror stories. Complaints directed to the vendor and wholesaler, if repeated, will frequently result in the removal of particular publications from the newsstands.
          Effective steps of this nature have been taken in several parts of the United States. For example, the citizens of Hartford, Conn., spurred on by the Hartford Courant, have been successful in cleaning up the newsstands of their city. Another example of effective citizen action was the formation several years ago in Cincinnati, Ohio, of a committee on evaluation of comic books. ¹⁷ Its purpose is to make a study of comics in the spring of each year, and to pass on findings to parents. The Cincinnati committee points out that more than 80 prominent citizens are members of the committee. It publishes an annual list of comic books, together with a rating of each comic.

17 See evaluations of comic books by that committee in Hearings Before the Subcommittee To Investigate Juvenile Delinquency (Comic Books) of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, 83d Cong., 2d sess., pp.36-53, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1954

          William M. Gaines, publisher of Entertaining Comics Group, ridiculed the efforts of parents' groups to restrain their children from reading crime and horror comics. Gaines who publishes some of the most sadistic crime and horror comic books with monstrosities that nature has been incapable of, issued a page which was reprinted with the testimony from the Hew York hearings. ¹⁸ Under the heading "Are you a Red Dupe?" Gaines prints the story of Melvin Blizunken-Skovitchsky, who lived in Soviet Russia and printed comic books, but some people did not believe that other persons possessed sufficient intelligence to decided what the wanted to read. Consequently, the secret police came, smashed poor Melvin's four-color press and left Melvin hanging from a tree. Gains' message at the end reads:

So the next time some joker gets up at a PTA meeting, or starts jabbering about "the naughty comic books" at your local candy store, give him the once-over. We are not saying is his a Communist. He may be a dupe. He may not even read the Daily Worker. It is just that he's swallowed the Red bait- hook, line and sinker.

18 Hearings Before the Subcommittee To Investigate Juvenile Delinquency (Comic Books) of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, 83d Cong., 2d sess., pp.36-53, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1954

          The subcommittee does not ridicule such efforts. It believes that parents have a full measure of responsibility for the reading material reaching their children and that civic organizations can do a worthy job by calling the attention of parents to those materials offered for children's reading that fall below the American standard of decency by glorifying crime, horror, and sadism.
          The tempter of children cannot excuse his attempts to gain personal wealth through disregard of cultural values by crying that the parents should have been more vigilant. The simple fact remains that all this constant vigilance on the part of parents and civic organizations would not have been necessary if the persons responsible for producing and distributing comic books had exercised that measure of self-restraint and common decency which the American people have a right to expect from an industry aiming its product so largely at the young and impressionable minds of our children.

          The Child Study Association of America includes among its functions the provision of guidance to parents and teachers on reading materials for children. In its review of such reading material, the association has, quite commendably, concerned itself with comic books.
          In 1943 and again in 1948 surveys of comic books were made by the association. These surveys were carried out by members of the association's book committee. Miss Josette Frank of the association's staff served as editorial adviser. Some attention to comic books has been given in various other materials produced by the association and members of its staff.
          Although some objections are voiced to certain aspects of comic book publications- exploitation of horror and sex, poor drawings, illegible lettering and bad taste - these statements fall far short, in opinion of the subcommittee, of presenting a realistic picture either of the percentage of comic books devoted to crime and horror or the volume of competent opinion which is concerned with their effects upon children.
          These statements were given particularly close scrutiny during the subcommittee's hearing since the Child Study Association has received financial donations from a major comic book publisher, National Comics, and Miss Josette Frank is also a salaried consultant to the same firm. This means that in reviewing and commenting upon comic book reading materials for children, the association was in fact passing judgement upon a product from which it and a member of its staff were receiving financial benefits.
          Moreover, the character of the comic-book industry's output has undergone change since 1943 and 1948. The percentage of comic books devoted to crime and horror had increased materially by the spring of 1954.
          In a book issued in the spring on 1954 on children's reading materials, Miss Josette Frank, its author, devotes one chapter to the comics. This material, although current, devotes but 2 of its 12 pages to a review of objections to comic books as reading materials for children. The opinions of psychiatrists and psychologists cited are selected from those secured in connection with the 1948 survey of comic books conducted by the Child Study Association of America.
          It is probably theoretically possible for an organization to be objective in evaluating the products of a company which contributes to its support and retains one of its staff members. The subcommittee believes, however, that in fairness to the parents who look to the association for guidance, the association should make known in any evaluation of comic books, its affiliations with the comic-book industry.
          In drawing conclusions relative to this "conflict of interest," the subcommittee wishes to be entirely fair and clearly understood. After careful review of all available date the subcommittee specifically finds:
          (1) That the Child Study Association is to be commended in including comic books within its evaluation activities.
          (2) That there is no reason to criticize a publisher for employing qualified consultants.
          (3) That the association's statements on comic books and those of its staff member concerned do not adequately reflect either the character of the total present-day product of the industry or the substance of qualifies consultants.
          (4) That, although the Child Study Association maintains that the contributions it received from the publishers did not color its judgement, a reasonable doubt as to the association's objectivity in this matter is raised by the fact that, in the face of a rising tide of crime and horror comic books, the association continued to distribute evaluations which inadequately and unrealistically reflected the current situation.
          (5) That the Child Study Association in confronted with a serious ethical question in relation to these practices and that it cannot fairly represent itself as an objective, impartial reporter on reading materials for children so long as they continue.

          The subcommittee believes that the American people have a right to expect that the comic-book industry should shoulder the major responsibility for seeing to it that the comic books placed so temptingly before our Nation's children at every corner newsstand are clean, decent, and fit to be read by children. This grave responsibility rests squarely on every segment of the comic-book industry. No one engaged in any phase of this cast operation - from the artists and the authors to the newsstand dealers, from the publisher to printer to distributor to the wholesaler - can escape some measure of responsibility. A few persons engaged in this business have it within their power to do more than others to insure that this reading matter is suited to children. But many of those in the comic-book industry who had the opportunity to act to prevent abuses harmful to children have failed to do so.
          In short, neither the comic-book industry nor any other sector of the media of mass communications can absolve itself from responsibility for the effects of its product. Attempts to shift all responsibility to parents are unjustified. Claims of the absolute right of an industry to produce what it pleases unless it is proven "beyond a reasonable doubt" that such a product is damaging to children, are unjustified. Parents have a right to expect that the producers of materials that may influence their children's thinking will exercise a high degree of caution. They have a right to expect the highest degree of care. And the American people have a right to demand that this degree of care be exercised at all times, in all ways, and with respect to all mass media.
          What kind of responsibility for content can and should be assumed by each segment of the comic-book industry?

          In larger cities such as New York or Chicago, the newsdealer offers for sale as many as 600 to 1,000 titles. Time does not permit him to sort and inspect these magazines at the moment of delivery. He is restricted as to space. So far as he is aware of the contents of a particular publication, he if he wishes, may "keep that magazine from moving," either by placing it below the counter of by hanging it in an obscure spot. But frequently, he is unaware of the contents, he may also be hampered in his efforts to prevent certain publications form moving by pressures exerted by the wholesaler or his representative. Such pressures may take the form of delays in the refunds he receives for his unsold magazines or delays in the delivery of bundles or routing of his bundles to the wrong address. Evidence presented to the subcommittee also indicated that in some instances he may be subjected to the additional pressures of tie-in sales, that is, if he refuses to handle crime and or horror comics his supply of the best selling and most profitable periodicals is withheld or drastically reduced. The newsdealer is usually operating on small capital and is often a disabled veteran. He has not been in a position to select the periodicals on his shelves, and therefore he is not in a position to assume effective responsibility for eliminating crime and horror comics from the channels of distribution.
          These facts do not mean that the newsdealer should not make every effort to discontinue handling publications which he knows to be objectionable; or that he should not make known his objections to such publications through such channels that exist for him, perhaps through a local organization of newsdealers.

          The wholesaler receives cartons containing thousands of copies of the publications he is to distribute. The carton has an outside label which designates to the contents. It would be possible for the wholesaler to refuse to handle certain titles. He could return a carton to the national distributor or to the publisher unopened. However, there are in the United States approximately 950 independent wholesalers and some 400 branches of the American News Co. The suggestion that these 1,350 firms be utilized as censors to cut of the supply of crime and horror comic books to the newsstands would appear to be highly impractical and wasteful.
          It is not presumed to say that the wholesaler should be absolved of all responsibility for the printed matter offered for sale. Both as individuals and as members of 1 of the 8 organizations of wholesalers in this country, the wholesaler can and should make his influence felt in efforts to curtail distribution of objectionable reading materials for children.
          The subcommittee notes with approval that the parent body of these organizations, the Bureau of Independent Publishers and Distributors, has given some attention to offensive reading materials on newsstands. It is hoped that further attention will be given the matter and that concerted action will be taken.

          The printer of crime and horror comics may be responsible for doing only a portion of the printing job. One printer may do the covers and another the inside pages. A single publisher may use several different printers for his work. For these reasons, it would seem impractical to suggest that the printer be thrust into a screening role. Once again, however, it does not seem unreasonable to expect a reputable printer to refuse to print material, the reading of which in his estimation may influence children negatively.

          There are only 13 national distributors of comic books. ¹⁹ Although the distributor does not have an opportunity for review of individual issues prior to publication, it is not unrealistic to assume that he should be able to maintain familiarity with the general nature of the publications he handles month after month. Indeed, through a system of advances, the national distributor is frequently in the position of being the financial backer, in part, of the publication he distributes.

19 Listings of comic book distributors by groups and publishers appears in the appendix of this report, pp.44-50.

          It is the opinion of the subcommittee that because of his key position in the industry, a major responsibility falls upon the national distributor for the content of the printed matter he distributes. The subcommittee is glad to note a majority of the distributors have expressed agreement with this point of view. Some of the 13 distributes have never handled crime and horror comic titles. In certain instances they have worked with publishers to end the changing the character of the contents of comic books. The subcommittee notes these developments with approval. It will be even more reassured when those distributors who have been carrying large numbers of crime and horror titles discontinue such publications.
          The responsibility of the national distributor to guard against distributing reading materials to children which are detrimental to their welfare, cannot be discharged, however, by discontinuing a few titles when he public furor arises. As responsible members of the community, and as persons engaged in an industry which plays a large part in molding the impressionable minds of the youth, they should maintain constant, continuing supervision over the publications they distribute.

          Within the industry, primary responsibility for the contents of each comic book rests squarely upon the shoulders of its publisher. The publisher can be discriminating. He is the creator of the comic book and he shapes his own editorial policy. The writers and artists who work on the contents are employed by him and are under his direction. The attitude of the owners is reflected in the tenor of the work of the writers and artists.
          Vast differences exist between the types of comics produced by publishers in this field. The largest single publisher of comic books does not list crime or horror comics among its nearly 100 comic-book titles, and never has. At the other extreme is the publisher who at the time of the New York hearings specialized in crime and horror and whose only standard regarding content was in terms of "what sells."
          It has already been indicated that a large number of undesirable comic-book titles have been discontinued or revamped. Initiative for this change has come from the individual publisher as well as from the distributor. Several publishers have written to the subcommittee regarding their desire to be absolved of the criticism of in any way contributing to juvenile delinquency through their publications. One publisher has notified his readers that he is discontinuing his crime and horror line in favor of other and less controversial themes.
          Again the subcommittee feels that this is progress in the right direction. As in the case of the distributors, however, the subcommittee also feels that the publishers of children's comic books cannot discharge their responsibility to the Nation's youth by merely discontinuing the publication of a few individual titles. It can be fully discharged only as they seek and support ways and means if insuring that the industry's product permanently measures up to its standards of morality and decency which American parents have the right to expect.

          In 1948, public indignation at the flood of crime, sex, and horror comic books made itself heard in ever louder tones. It was in that year that the National Association of Prosecuting Attorneys added its voice to that many other organizations and agencies by passing a resolution strongly recommending "that legislation be adopted designed to prohibit the sale of objectionable crime, sex, and horror comics to juveniles." Ordinances designed to curb the sale of crime and horror comics to juveniles were in fact passed by some communities. This was at a time when there were only 34 publishers of comic books whose monthly sales of about 270 titles amounted to approximately 50 million copies. And at that time, too, the number of titles dealing with crime and horror were relatively few compared to the increasing numbers that have appeared on the newsstands in succeeding years.
          On July 1, 1948, the comic-book industry- or at least a part of it- reacted to this mounting criticism. An Association of Comics Magazine Publishers (ACMP) was formed in New York City and it adopted a six-point code of editorial practices. ²⁰ At the time, the New York Times reported:

The self-policing, in an industry that has been meeting a growing criticism from educators' and parents' groups, marks only the first step in a plan for raising the moral tone of comic magazines ***.

20 See the code of the Association of Comic Magazine Publishers, p. 35 in the appendix of this report.

          Even from the beginning, the association was plagued by lack of unity of purpose and objectives within the industry itself. Only 12 major publishers joined the association and they were responsible for publishing only one-third of the comic books issued. Two other publishers agreed to abide by the code. Many of the publishers who did not join the association or adhere to the code were sincerely motivated. They believed that since the materials they published did not deal with crime or horror there was no need for them to participate in the organization.
          Mrs. Helen Meyer, vice president of Dell Publications, testified:

          With regard to Dell's refusal to belong to the Comic Book Association, Dell had no other alternative. When the association was first introduced, we, after thorough examination, saw that Dell would be used as an umbrella for the crime comic publishers. Dell, along with these publishers, would display the same seal. How could the newsdealer afford the time to examine the contents of each comic he handled? The parents and children, too, would suffer from misrepresentation. Dell didn't need a code set down by an association, with regard to its practices of good taste. We weren't interested in trying to go up the marginal line in our comic-book operation, as we knew we were appealing, in the main, to children.

          Undaunted by not having all the publishers as members, the association went ahead with its original concept. An advisory committee that included educators, the superintendent of schools of New York City, and the New York State librarian met with publishers with a view to raising the language levels and improving the story content of comic magazines. A seal signifying conformity with the six-point code of editorial practices was adopted and issued to members. However, this effort at self-regulation of the industry was doomed to failure for a variety of reasons. Not only were not all the publishers members from the very beginning, but many of those who originally were members resigned from the association. They resigned for various reasons.
          Mr. Henry Edward Schultz, attorney for the association, stated two of the reasons for the defections:

Some of them felt that they should not be associated with some of the elements in the industry that they felt were publishing products inferior to theirs and there is also, in passing, a great deal of internecine warfare in this industry, a lot of old difficulties which mitigated a strong, well-knit attempt to organize. In addition, other publishers such as William Gaines resigned from the association rather than meet the standards of the code.

          Finally, in 1950, to quote Mr. Schultz:

the defections became so bad we could not afford to continue *** (the) precensorship arrangement and that has been discarded. Today we do no self-regulation at all except as it may exist in the minds of the editors and they proceed in their daily work ***. The association, I would say, is out of business and so is the code.

          Meanwhile, however, those publishers who continued as members also continued to imprint on the covers of their comic books the seal of approval which bore the words: "Authorized ACMP. Conforms to the Comics Code." This practice was continued even though the association was for all intents and purposes defunct and even though none of the comics were reviewed at any point by of for the association. As a matter of fact, some highly objectionable comic books dealing with crime and horror were introduced at the subcommittee hearings bearing such imprint. The subcommittee believes that this practice was highly questionable and most assuredly calculated to mislead the parents of the children buying such comic books.
          Why did this attempt at self-regulation in the industry fail? There were many reasons and they offer some lessons in judging future attempts at industry self-regulation.
          It is the subcommittee's opinion that, if self-regulation by an industry to succeed, there are certain attributes and certain mechanisms which it must have. This earlier attempt of the comic-book industry at self-regulation lacked many of these.
          In the first place, the code itself must be clear and explicit.
          In the second place, there must be a wide publication education of the code and the meaning it has for the public when making purchases.
          In the third place, the public must be sold this idea of restricting purchases of comics to those carrying the seal of approval. This, of course, becomes difficult if numerous publishers do not subscribe to the code and particularly, if some of the nonsubscribers are major publishers of good, clean comic books. Such a course of action permits the unscrupulous publisher, who is unwilling to meet the standards of the code, to hide behind the skirts, so the speak, of the reputable publisher who does not display the seal for other reasons. If those who are not adherents to the code are numerous enough, then adherence or nonadherence is meaningless in the public eye and enforcement machinery breaks down.
          Finally, there must be established enforcement machinery to make certain that the code's standards are adhered to. This machinery should have sufficient, well-trained staff imbued with the spirit that theirs is a task which, if well performed, can help the children of our Nation. If it is not well performed, it can affect them adversely. In addition, this enforcement machinery should be so established and operated that it is independence of thought and action should be maintained at all times lest the entire endeavor become beclouded with suspicion.

          Following the hearings of the subcommittee on the effects of crime and horror comic books and intensified community action throughout the country in protesting to objectionable comic books, establishment of the Comics Magazine Association of America was announced. A code was adopted on October 26, 1954. ²¹ Charles F. Murphy, formerly a city magistrate in New York, was named code administrator. John Goldwater, president of the Comics Magazine Association of America, said that a staff of professional reviewers will be selected to assist the code administrator in inspecting all comic books before they are printed. The code provides for a ban on all horror and terror comic books but not on crime comic books. A seal of approval will be printed on all comic books approved by the code administrator.

21 See the code of the Comics Magazine Association of America, pp. 36-38 in the appendix of this report.

          It is the consensus of the subcommittee that the establishment of this new association, the adoption of a code, and the appointment of a code administrator are steps in the right direction. This effort at self-regulation on the part of the comic book industry is in accordance with suggestions made by the subcommittee. Whether the fact that not all publishers of comic books are members of the association will impair the effectiveness of this latest attempt at self-regulation, as it did in the previous attempt, remains to be seen. However, since the association and the code authority have so recently been organized, it is still too early to form a judgement as to either the sincerity of the effectiveness of this latest attempt at self-regulation by the comic book industry. The subcommittee intends to watch with great interest the activities of this association and will report at a later date on this effort by the comic book industry to eliminate objectionable comic books. At any rate, the subcommittee is convinced that if this latest effort at industry self-regulation does not succeed, then other ways and means must- and will- be found to prevent our Nation's young from being harmed by crime and horror comic books.

          While not attempting to review the several findings included in this report, the subcommittee wishes to reiterate its belief that this country cannot afford the calculated risk involved in feeding its children, through comic books, a concentrated diet of crime, horror, and violence. There was substantial, although not unanimous, agreement among the experts that there may be detrimental and delinquency-producing effects upon both the emotionally disturbed child and the emotionally normal delinquent. Children of either type may gain suggestion, support, and sanction from reading crime and horror comics.
          There are many who believe that the boys and girls who are the most avid and extensive consumers of such comics are those who are least able to tolerate this type of reading material. The excessive reading of this material is viewed by some observers as sometimes being symptomatic of some emotional maladjustment, that is, comic book reading may be a workable "diagnostic indicator" or an underlying pathological condition of a child.
          It is during childhood that the individual's concepts of right and wrong and his reactions to society's standards are largely developed. Those responsible for the operation of every form of the mass media of communication, including comic books, which cater to the education or entertainment of children have, therefore, a responsibility to gear their products to these special considerations.
          Standards for such products, whether in the form of a code of by the policies of individual producers, should not be aimed to eliminate only that which can be proved beyond doubt to demoralize youth. Rather the aim should be to eliminate all materials that potentially exert detrimental effects.
          To achieve this end, it will require continuing vigilance on the part of parents, publishers and citizens' groups. The work that has been done by citizens' and parents' groups in calling attention to the problem of crime and horror comics has been far-reaching in its impact.
          The subcommittee notes with some surprise that little attention has been paid by educational and welfare agencies to the potential dangers, as well as benefits, to children presented by the growth of the comic book industry. As spokesmen in behalf of children, their responsibility requires that they be concerned for the child and the whole world in which he lives. The campaign against juvenile delinquency cannot be won by anything less than an all-out attack upon all conditions contributing to the problem.
          The interest of our young citizens would not be served by postponing all precautionary measures until the exact kind and degree of influence exerted by comic books upon children's behavior is fully determined through careful research. Sole responsibility for stimulating, formulating and carrying out such research cannot be assumed by parents' or citizens' groups. Rather is must also be assumed by the educational and social welfare agencies and organizations concerned.
          In the meantime, the welfare of this Nation's young makes it mandatory that all concerned unite in supporting sincere efforts of the industry to raise the standards of its products and in demanding adequate standards of decency and good taste. Nor should these united efforts be relaxed in the face of monetary gains. Continuing vigilance is essential in sustaining this effort.

          The subcommittee wishes to call particular attention to the fact that its exploration of crime and horror comic books as a contributing factor to juvenile delinquency is only one part of its investigation into the mass communication.
          A future report of the subcommittee will contain certain additional recommendations which will deal with the several media and, as such, will have further bearing upon the problem of crime and horror comics.

          Resolved, that the Committee on the Judiciary, or any duly authorized subcommittee thereof, is authorized and directed to conduct a full and complete study of juvenile delinquency in the United States. In the conduct of such investigation special attention shall be given to (1) determining the extent and character of juvenile delinquency in the United States and its causes and contributing factors, (2) the adequacy of existing provisions of law, including chapters 402 and 403 of title 18 of the United States Code, in dealing with youthful offenders of Federal laws, (3) sentences imposed on, or other correctional action taken with respect to, youthful offenders by Federal courts, and (4) the extent to which juveniles are violating Federal laws relating to the sale or use of narcotics.
          SEC. 2. The committee, or any duly authorized subcommittee thereof, is authorized to sit and act at such places and times during the sessions, recesses, and adjourned periods of the Senate, to hold such hearings, to require by subpoenas or otherwise the attendance of such witnesses and the production of such books, papers, and documents, to administer such oaths, to take such testimony, to procure such printing and binding, and, within the amount appropriated therefore, to make such expenditures as it deems advisable. The cost of stenographic services to report hearings of the committee or subcommittee shall not be in excess of 40 cents per hundred words. Subpoenas shall be issued by the chairman of the committee or the subcommittee, any may be served by any person designated by such chairman.
          A majority of the members of the committee, or duly authorized subcommittee thereof, shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, except that a lesser number to be fixed by the committee, or by such subcommittee, shall constitute a quorum for the purpose of administering oaths and taking sworn testimony.
          SEC. 3. The committee shall report its findings, together with its recommendations for such legislation as it deems advisable, to the Senate at the earliest date practicable but not later than January 31, 1954.
          SEC. 4. For the purposes of this resolution, the committee, or any duly authorized subcommittee thereof, is authorized to employ upon a temporary basis such technical, clerical, and other assistants as it deems advisable. The expenses of the committee under this resolution, which shall not exceed $44,000, shall be paid from the contingent fund of the Senate upon vouchers approved by the chairman of the committee.

          Resolved, That section 3 of S. Res. 89, Eighty-third Congress, agreed to June 1, 1954 (authorizing the Committee on the Judiciary to make a study of juvenile delinquency in the United States), is amended to read as follows:
          "SEC. 3. The committee shall make a preliminary report of its findings, together with its recommendations for such legislation as it deems advisable, to the Senate not later than February 28, 1954, and shall make a final report of such findings and recommendations to the Senate at the earliest date practicable but not later than January 31, 1955."
          SEC. 2. The limitation of expenditures under S. Res. 89 is increased by $175,000, and such sum together with any unexpended balance of the sum previously authorized to be expended under such resolution shall be paid from the contingent fund of the Senate upon vouchers approved by the chairman of the committee.

          It shall be the duty of the editor, publisher, business manager, or owner of every newspaper, magazine, periodical, or other publication to file with the Postmaster General and the postmaster at the office at which said publication is entered, not later than the 1st day of October each year, on blanks furnished by the Post Office Department, a sworn statement setting forth the names and post-office addresses of the editor and managing editor, publisher, business managers, and owners and in addition the stockholders, if the publication be owned by a corporation; and also, in the case of daily and weekly, semiweekly, triweekly newspapers, there shall be included in such statement the average of the number of copies of each issue of such publication sold or distributed to paid subscribers during the preceding twelve months: Provided, That the provisions of this paragraph shall not apply to religious, fraternal, temperance, and scientific, or other similar publications: Provided further, That it shall not be necessary to include in such statement the names of persons owning less than 1 percent of the total amount of stock, bonds, mortgages, or other securities. A copy of such sworn statement shall be published in the second issue of such newspaper, magazine, or other publication shall be denied the privileges of the mail if it shall fail to comply with the provisions of this paragraph within ten days after notice by registered letter of such failure. (August 24, 1912, ch. 3389, sec. 2, 37 Stat. 553; March 3, 1933, ch. 207, 47 Stat. 1486, ch. 533, 60 Stat. 416.)

          1946- Act July 2, 1946, amended section by inserting "and weekly, semiweekly, triweekly" between "daily" and "newspapers" in first sentence.

          We, the members of the National Cartoonists Society, believe:
          1. That we should preserve our present high standards of artistic achievement and good taste in our relationship with the public and with those agencies that distribute cartoons for professional use.
          2. That our work should comply with the established standards of morality and decency; and we should condemn any violations of such standards.
          3. That promising talent should be encouraged and guided to the fullest extent.
          4. That cartoonists, as creators of characters, symbols, and ideas, which become tangible financial properties are entitled to the protection and just rewards those properties deserve.
          5. On the freedoms guaranteed by our Government and pledge ourselves to resist any attempts to interfere with these freedoms.

          1. Crime should not be presented in such a way as to throw sympathy against law and justice or to inspire others with the desire for imitation. No comics shall show the details and methods of a crime committed by a youth. Police-men, judges, Government officials, and respected institutions should not be portrayed as stupid or ineffective, or represented in such a way as to weaken respect for established authority.
          2. No scenes of sadistic torture should be shown.
          3. Sexy, wanton comics, should not be published. No drawing should show a female indecently or unduly exposed and in no event more nude than in a bathing suit commonly worn in the United States.
          4. Vulgar and obscene language should never be used. Slang should be kept to a minimum and used only when essential to the story.
          5. Divorce should not be treated humorously nor represented as glamorous or alluring.
          6. Ridicule or attack on any religious or racial group is never permissible.

          The comic-book medium, having come of age on the American cultural scene, must measure up to its responsibilities.
          Constantly improving techniques and higher standards go hand in hand with these responsibilities.
          To make a positive contribution to contemporary life, the industry must seek new areas for developing sound, wholesome entertainment. The people responsible for writing, drawing, printing, publishing, and selling comic books have done a commendable job in the past, and have been striving toward this goal.
          Their record of progress and continuing improvement compares favorably with other media in the communications industry. An outstanding example is the development of comic books as a unique and effective tool for instruction and education. Comic books have also made their contribution in the field of letters and criticism of contemporary life.
          In keeping with the American tradition, the members of this industry will and must continue to work together in the future.
          In the same tradition, members of the industry must see to it that gains made in this medium are not lost and that violations of standards of good taste, which might tend toward corruption of the comic book as an instructive and wholesome form of entertainment, will be eliminated.
          Therefore, the Comics Magazine Association of America, Inc. has adopted this code, and placed strong powers of enforcement in the hands of an independent code authority.
          Further, members of the association have endorsed the purpose and spirit of this code as a vital instrument to the growth of the industry.
          To this end, they have pledged themselves to conscientiously adhere to its principles and to abide by all decisions based on the code made by the administrator.
          They are confident that this positive and forthright statement will provide an effective bulwark for the protection and enhancement of the American reading public, and that it will become a landmark in the history of self-regulation for the entire communications industry.

General Standards - Part A

1. Crimes shall never be presented in such a way as to create sympathy for the criminal, to promote distrust of the forces of law and justice, or to inspire others with a desire to imitate criminals.
2. No comics shall explicitly present the unique details and methods of a crime.
3. Policemen, judges, government officials, and respected institutions shall never be presented in such a way as to create disrespect for established authority.
4. If crime is depicted it shall be as a sordid and unpleasant activity.
5. Criminals shall not be presented so as to be rendered glamorous or to occupy a position which creates the desire for emulation.
6. In every instance good shall triumph over evil and the criminal punished for his misdeeds.
7. Scenes of excessive violence shall be prohibited. Scenes of brutal torture, excessive and unnecessary knife and gun play, physical agony, gory and gruesome crime shall be eliminated.
8. No unique or unusual methods of concealing weapons shall be shown.
9. Instances of law enforcement officers dying as a result of a criminal's activities should be discouraged.
10. The crime of kidnapping shall never be portrayed in any detail, nor shall any profit accrue to the abductor or kidnapper. The criminal or the kidnapper must be punished in every case.
11. The letter of the word "crime" on a comics magazine shall never be appreciably greater than the other words contained in the title. The word "crime" shall never appear alone on a cover.
12. Restraint in the use of the word "crime" in titles or subtitles shall be exercised.

General Standards - Part B

1. No comic magazine shall use the word "horror" or "terror" in its title.
2. All scenes of horror, excessive bloodshed, gory or gruesome crimes, depravity, lust, sadism, masochism shall not be permitted.
3. All lurid, unsavory, gruesome illustrations shall be eliminated.
4. Inclusion of stories dealing with evil shall be used or or shall be published only where the intent is to illustrate a moral issue and in no case shall evil be presented alluringly nor so as to injure the sensibilities of the reader.
5. Scenes dealing with, or instruments associated with walking dead, torture vampires and vampirism, ghouls, cannibalism, and werewolfism are prohibited.

General Standards - Part C
          All elements or techniques not specifically mentioned herein, but which are contrary to the spirit and intent of the Code, and are considered violations of good taste or decency, shall be prohibited.

Dialogue

1. Profanity, obscenity, smut, vulgarity, or words or symbols which have acquired undesirable meanings are forbidden.
2. Special precautions to avoid references to physical afflictions or deformities shall be taken.
3. Although slang and colloquialisms are acceptable, excessive use should be discouraged and wherever possible good grammar shall be employed.

Religion

1. Ridicule or attack on any religious or racial group is never permissible.

Costume

1. Nudity in any form is prohibited, as is indecent or undue exposure.
2. Suggestive and salacious illustration or suggestive posture is unacceptable.
3. All characters shall be depicted in dress reasonably acceptable to society.
4. Females shall be drawn realistically without exaggeration of any physical qualities.

NOTE. - It should be recognized that all prohibitions dealing with costume, dialogue, or artwork applies as specifically to the cover of a comic magazine as they do to the contents.

Marriage and Sex

1. Divorce shall not be treated humorously nor shall be represented as desirable.
2. Illicit sex relations are neither to be hinted at or portrayed. Violent love scenes as well as sexual abnormalities are unacceptable.
3. Respect for parents, the moral code, and for honorable behavior shall be fostered. A sympathetic understanding of the problems of love is not a license for moral distortion.
4. The treatment of love-romance stories shall emphasize the value of the home and the sanctity of marriage.
5. Passion or romantic interest shall never be treated in such a way as to stimulate the lower and baser emotions.
6. Seduction and rape shall never be shown or suggested.
7. Sex perversion or any inference to same is strictly forbidden.

1. Liquor and tobacco advertising is not acceptable.
2. Advertisement of sex or sex instructions books are unacceptable.
3. The sale of picture postcards, "pin-ups," "art studies," or any other reproduction of nude or semi-nude figures is prohibited.
4. Advertising for the sale of knives, concealable weapons, or realistic gun facsimiles is prohibited.
5. Advertising for the sale of fireworks is prohibited.
6. Advertising dealing with the sale of gambling equipment or printed matter dealing with gambling shall not be accepted.
7. Nudity with meretricious purpose and salacious postures shall not be permitted in the advertising of any product; clothed figures shall never be presented in such a way as to be offensive or contrary to good taste or morals.
8. To the best of his ability, each publisher shall ascertain that all statements made in advertisements conform to the fact and avoid misinterpretation.
9. Advertisement of medical, health, or toiletry products of questionable nature are to be rejected. Advertisements for medical, health or toiletry products endorsed by the American Medical Association, or the American Dental Association, shall be deemed acceptable if they conform with all other conditions of the advertising code.

          The work of the committee on evaluation of comic books at Cincinnati, Ohio, in an example of what can be accomplished by citizen action in dealing with the problem of comic books. The Cincinnati committee has been a nonprofit group and is not subsidized by the comic-book industry. It is composed of public-spirited citizens who have sought to be objective. The committee's evaluations, prepared by a staff of 84 trained reviewers, have been widely reprinted and circulated. The Reverend Jesse L. Murrell is chairman of the executive committee of the committee on evaluation of comic books.
          On page 41 of the comic book hearings before the Subcommittee To Investigate Juvenile Delinquency, the July 1953 list of the Cincinnati committee's evaluation of comic books was accurately reprinted. Since that time Ham Fisher, cartoonist, who draws "Joe Palooka Adventures" comic books, submitted the following correspondence from the committee on evaluation of comic books with the request that it be printed:

Committee On Evaluation of Comic Books,
Cincinnati, Ohio, November 4, 1954.

Mr. Ham Fisher,
                    New York, N.Y.
          Dear Mr. Fisher: In answer to your telephone inquiry of Wednesday, November 3, I have looked up our files on Joe Palooka Adventures, and find that the issue which our reviewers read was March 1954. It is No. 82. This issue is pretty well devoted to prize fighting, and the criticism seems to fall with the second story, where on the seventh page, I believe it is, Joe is being so pummeled by his opponent that he sees his vision, or semiconsciousness, the terrible ordeal of somebody, perhaps himself, hung up by his wrists and being lashed by a whip. This situation occurs in at least four frames, and our reviewers feel that this, together with the very rough pummeling that is going on in the whole story, would give to a small child a horrible feeling of cruelty to man. It would therefore fall into the area of morbid emotionality, and as you will notice in the enclosed list of evaluated comic books, where, at the end, we have our criteria it shows that Joe Palooka is objectionable because of No. 29. You will see that that is, "Stories and pictures that tend to anything having a sadistic implication or suggesting use of black magic."
          I do not read the comic-book magazines for pleasure, and therefore do not know what you have in Joe Palooka from time to time, but I would suggest that you attempt to avoid such situations as described here, even though they are the imagination of someone who is suffering, for the reason that, to a child it is all in the picture.
          I have looked over copies of the eight evaluations we have made of comic books since the summer of 1948, and find that we have rated Joe Palooka each time except July 1952. In the July 1951 review, Joe Palooka rated "No objection." In the year 1948, the spring of 1949, December 1949, August 1950, and July 1953, it rated "Some objection" which in our category does not militate against a comic book's use by children or young people, but has some minor characteristic which the reviewers would like to see improved. This usually has to do with physical setup. In the April 1954 review this comic book was rated "Objectionable" for the reason of its sadistic implications in the second story.
          It is fair to say that our committee considers Joe Palooka to be a very good comic book.
                    Yours cordially,

Jesse L. Murrell.

Committee on Evaluation of Comic Books.
Cincinnati, Ohio, November 8, 1954.

          Mr. Fisher: I sent the telegram to Newsweek according to your request and here is the copy:
"NEWSWEEK MAGAZINE"                     New York City:           "Having heard that the March issue of Joe Palooka Adventures comic book which the committee on evaluation of comic books in Cincinnati had rated objectionable has caused quite a stir. I desire to advise you that we have reviewing copies of this magazine since 1948 and that this is the first issue that has received the objectional rating. We consider this comic one of the very good ones but it so happened that this particular issue carried four frames that our reviewers thought would be frightening to small children.

"Jesse L. Murrell, Chairman,"

Jesse L. Murrell

A.A. Wyn, Inc. 23 West 47th Street, New York, N.Y. (Ace):
          Glamorous Romances, Hand of Fate, Love Experience, Real Love, Web of Mystery
Ace Magazines, Inc., 23 West 47th Street, New York, N.Y. (Ace):
          Complete Love, Ten Story Love
Allen Hardy Associates, 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Allen Hardy):
          Danger, Death Valley, Dynamite, House of Horror, Love and Kisses, Weird Terror
Animirth Comics Inc., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Adventures Into Weird Worlds, Homer Hooper, Marines in Battle, 3D Action, Riot, Western
          Outlaws
Archie Comic Publications, Inc., 241 Church Street, New York, N.Y.:
          Archie Comics (7 titles), Pep Comics, Wilbur Comics
Aragon Magazines, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Stanley P. Morse):
          Mister Mystery
Arnold Publications, Inc., 347 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Quality):
          Buster Bear, Marmaduke Mouse
Atlas News Co., Inc., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Buck Duck, Lovers, Police Action
Avon Periodicals, Inc., 575 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Avon):
          All True Detective Cases, Eerie, Funny Tunes, Jesse James, Merry Mouse, Peter Rabbit, Peter Rabbit Jumbo Book, Realistic Romance, Romantic Love, Sensational Police Cases, Space Comics, Space Mouse, Space Thrillers, Spotty The Pup, Super Pup, Wild Bill Hickok
Bard Publishing Corp., 270 PArk Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Patsy Walker
Best Syndicated Features, Inc., 45 West 45th Street, New York, N.Y. (ACG):
          Adventures Into The Unknown, The Kilroys, Romantic Adventures
Better Publications, Inc., 10 East 40th Street, New York, N.Y. (Standard):
          Exciting War, Popular Romances
Beverly Publishing Co., 480 Lexington Avenue, New York, N.Y.:
          Secret Hearts
Broadcast Features Publications, Inc., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Girls' Life, My Friend Irma
Canam Publishers Sales Corp., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Arrow Head, Black Rider, Journey Into Mystery, 3D Tales of the West.
Chipiden Publications Corp., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Human Torch, Strange Tales
Classic Syndicate, Inc., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Crazy
Close-Up, Inc., 241 Church Street, New York, N.Y. (Archie):
          Archie's Girls Betty & Veronica, Ginger Comics, Katy Keane Comics, Laugh Comics, Super Duck Comics, Suzie Comics
Comic Combine Corp, 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Men's Adventures, Sub Mariner, The Outlaw Kid
Comic Favorites, Inc., 347 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Quality):
          Gabby, Jonesy
Comic Magazines, 347 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Quality):
          Blackhawk, Brides Romances, Candy, G.I. Combat, G.I. Sweethearts, Heart Throbs, Love Confessions, Love Letters, Love Secrets, Plastic Man, T-Man, True War Romances, Web of Evil, Wedding Bells
Cornell Publishing Corp., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Crime Fighters, Spaceman
Crestwood Publishing Co., Inc., 1790 Broadway, New York, N.Y. (Prize):
          Black Magic, Young Love
Current Detective Stories, Inc., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Navy Action
Dell Publishing Co., Inc., 261 Fifth Avenue, New York N.Y. (Dell):
          Monthlies: Edgar Rice Burroughs' Tarzan, Gene Audry Comics, Loony Toons and Merrie Melodies Comics, Marge's Little Lulu, Roy Rogers Comics, The Lone Ranger, Tom and Jerry Comics, Walter Lantz New Funnies
          Bimonthlies: Bugs Bunny, Carl Anderson's Henry, Cisco Kid, Howdy Doody, Little Iodine, MGM's Lassie, Porky Pig, Walter Lantz Andy Panda, Walter Lantz Woody Woodpecker
          Quarterlies: Ben Bowie & His Mountain Men, Flying A's, Range Rider, Henry Aldrich, Hi-Yo Silver, I Love Lucy, Indian Chief, Jace Pearson-Texas Rangers, King of the Royal Mounted, Marge's Tubby, Popeye, Queen of the West-Dale Evans, Rex Allen, Rin Tin Tin, Rootie Kazootie, Sergeant Preston of the Yukon, Tom Corbett-Space Cadet, Tonto, Trigger, Tweety & Sylvester, Walt Kelly's Pogo Possum, Western Roundup, Wild Bill Elliott, Zane Grey's Picturized Editions
          Semi-annuals: Andy Hardy, Beany & Cecil, Bozo the Clown, Buck Jones, Francis The Talking Mule, Gerald McBoing Boing, Johnny Mack Brown, Krazy Kat, Little Scouts, Max Brand's Silvertip, Oswald The Rabbit, Zorro
          Annuals: Beetle Bailey, Bugs Bunny (Album, Christmas Funnies, Halloween Parade, Vacation Funnies, Charlie McCarthy, Daffy, Double Trouble With Goober, Elmer Fudd, Ernest Haycox's Western Marshal, Flash Gordon, Frosty The Snowman, Gypsy Cult, Jungle Jim, Knights of the Round Table, Little Beaver, Marge's Little Lulu - Tubby Annual, Milton Caniff's Steve Canyon, Napoleon, Prince Valiant, Rageddy Ann & Andy, Rhubarb The Millionaire Cat, Rivets, Rusty Riley, Santa Claus Funnies, Son of Black Beauty, Spike N'Tyke, Super Circus, Susie Q. Smith, The Brownies, The Green Hornet, The Little King, The Lone Ranger's Western Treasury, Tom & Jerry (Summer Fun, Winter Carnival), 3D Flukey Kazootie, 3D Rootie Kazootie, Uncle Wiggly, Walt Kelly's Pogo Parade, Walter Lantz Woody Woodpecker Back to School
Educational Comics, Inc., 225 Lafayette Street, New York, N.Y. (EC):
          Mad
Excellent Publications, Inc., 30 East 60th Street, New York, N.Y. (Farrell):
          Billy Bunny, Swift Arrow
Fables Publishing Co., Inc., 225 Lafayette Street, New York, N.Y. (EC):
          Haunt of Fear, Two-Fisted Tales, Weird Science-Fantasy
Family Comics, Inc., 1860 Broadway, New York, N.Y. (Harvey):
          Casper
Famous Authors, Ltd., 101 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Classics Illustrated):
          Classics Illustrated, Junior Series: No. 501-Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs, No. 502-The Ugly Duckling, No. 503-Cinderella, No. 504-The Pied Piper, No. 505-Sleeping Beauty, No. 506-The Three Pigs, No. 507-Jack and The Beanstalk, No. 508-Goldilocks and The Three Bears, No. 509-Beauty and The Beast, No. 510-Little Red Riding Riding Hood
Famous Funnies Publications, 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Famous):
          Famous Funnies, New Heroic Comics, Personal Love
Farrell Comics, Inc., 30 East 60th Street, New York, N.Y. (Farrell):
          Haunted Thrills, Lone Rider, Strange Fantasy
Fawcett Publications, Inc., 67 West 44th Street, New York, N.Y. (Fawcett):
          Captain Marvel Adventures, Funny Animals, Hopalong Cassidy, Lash LaRue, Marvel Family, Rocky Lane, 6-Gun Heroes, Tex Ritter, This Magazine is Haunted
Feature Publications, Inc., 1790 Broadway, New York, N.Y. (Prize):
          Frankenstein, Prize Western Comics, Young Brides, Young Romance
Fiction House, Inc., 1658 Summer Street, Stamford Comm. (Fiction House):
          Ghost Stories
Fight Stories, Inc., 1658 Summer Street, Stamford Comm. (Fiction House):
          Knockout, Monster
Foto Parade, Inc., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Battle
Four Star Publications, Inc., 30 East Street, New York, N.Y. (Farrell):
          Fantastic Fears, Voodoo
Gem Publications, Inc., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Patsy & Hedy
Gilberton Co., Inc., 101 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Classics Illustrated):
          Classics Illustrated: No. 1-The Three Musketeers, No. 2-Ivanhoe, No. 3-Count of Monte Cristo, No. 4-Last of the Mohicans, No. 5-Moby Dick, No. 6-A Tale of Two Cities, No. 7-Robin Hood, No. 10-Robinson Crusoe, No. 11-Don Quixote, No. 12-Rip Van Winkle and The The Headless Horseman, No. 13-Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, No. 15-Uncle Tom's Cabin, No. 17-The Deerslayer, No. 18-The Hunchback of Notre Dame, No. 19-Huckleberry Fin, No. 20-The Corsican Brothers, No. 21-3 Famous Mysteries, No. 22-The Pathfinder, No. 23-Oliver Twist, No. 24-A Connecticut Yankee in Authur's Court, No. 25-Two Years Before the Mast, No. 26-Frankenstein, No.27-Adventues of Marco Polo, No. 28-Michael Strongoff, No. 29-Prince and The Pauper, No. 31-Black Arrow, No. 32-Lorna Doone, No. 34-Mysterious Island, No. 37-The Pioneers, No. 39-Jane Eyre, No. 40-Mysteries by Edgar Allen Poe, No. 42-Swiss Family Robinson, No. 46-Kidnapped, No. 47-Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, No. 48-David Copperfield, No. 49-Alice in Wonderland, No. 50-Adventures of Tom Sawyer, No. 51-The Spy, No. 52-The House of Seven Gables, No. 54-Man In The Iron Mask, No. 55-Silas Marner, No. 57-The Song of Hiawatha, No. 58-The Prairie, No. 62-Western Stories, No. 64-Treasure Island, No. 67-The Scottish Chiefs, No. 68-Julius Caesar, No. 69-Around The World In Eighty Days, No. 70-The Pilot, No. 72-The Oregon Trail, No. 75-Lady of The Lake, No. 76-Prisoner of Zenda, No. 77-The Iliad, No. 78-Joan of Arc, No. 79-Cyano De Bergerac, No. 80-White Fang, No. 83-The Jungle Book, No. 85-The Sea Wolf, No. 86-Under Two Flags, No. 87-A Midsummer Night's Dream, No. 88-Men of Iron, No. 89-Crime and Punishment, No. 90-Green Mansions, No. 91-The Call of the Wild, No. 92-The Courtship of Miles Standish and Evangeline, No. 93-Pudd'nhead Wilson, No. 94-David Balfour, No. 95-All Quiet On The Western Front, No. 96-Daniel Boone, No. 97-King Solomon's Mines, No. 98-The Red Badge of Courage, No. 99-Hamlet, No. 100-Mutiny On The Bounty, No. 101-William Tell, No. 102-Bring 'Em Back Alive, No. 105-From the Earth to The Moon, No. 106-Buffalo Bill, No. 107-King of The Khyber Rifles, No. 108-Knights of The Round Table, No. 109-Oitcairn's Island, No. 110-A Study In Scarlet, No. 111-The Talisman, No. 112-Kit Carson, No. 113-The Forty-Five Guardsmen, No. 114-The Red Rover, No. 115-How I Found Livingstone, No. 116-The Bottle Imp, No. 117-Captains Courageous, No. 118-Rob Roy, No. 119-Soldiers of Fortune, No. 120-The Hurricane
Picture Progress (issue monthly during school year)
Gilmor Magazines, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Stanley P. Morse):
          Radiant Love, Weird Mysteries
Glen-Kel Publishing Co., 1658 Summer Street, Stamford, Conn. (Fiction House):
          Jungle Comics, Kaanga Jungle King
Harvey Enterprises, Inc., 1860 Broadway, New York, N.Y. (Harvey):
          Dotty Dripple, First Love, Little Dot
Harvey Picture Magazines, Inc., 1860 Broadway, New York, N.Y. (Harvey):
          Little Audrey, Warfront
Harvey Publications, Inc., 1860 Broadway, New York, N.Y. (Harvey):
          Blondie Comics, Dagwood Comics, Daisy and Her Pups, Dick Tracy Comics, Joe Palooka Comics, Little Max Comics, Sad Sack Comics, Tomb of Terror
Harvey Publications, 1860 Broadway, New York, N.Y. (Harvey):
          Jiggs & Maggie, Katzenjammer Kids, Rags Rabbit, Riply's Believe It or Not
Headline Publications Corp., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Dixie Dugan, Fighting America, Headline Comics, Justice Traps the Guilty
Hercules Publishing Corp., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Ringo Kid, Spy Cases, Two Gun Kid
Home Comics, Inc., 1860 Broadway, New York, N.Y. (Harvey):
          Black CAt, First Romance, Hi-School Romance, Love Problems, Teen Age Brides
I.C. Publishing Co., 225 Lafayette Street, New York, N.Y. (EC):
          Tales FRom The Crypt
Illustrated Humor, Inc., 1860 Broadway, New York, N.Y. (Harvey):
          Flip
Interstate Publishing Corp., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Outlaw Fighters, Wild, Young Men
Jay Jay Corp., North Eighth Street, St. Louis, Mo.:
          Judo Joe
Joseph A. Wolfert, 32 Broadway, New York, N.Y.:
          Algie, Animal Adventures, Blazing Western, Crime Detector, Police Against Crime
Junior Books, Inc., 23 West 47th Street, New York, N.Y. (ACE):
          Crime Must Pay The Penalty
K.K. Publications, Inc., Poughkeepsie, New York, N.Y. (Dell):
          Red Ryder Comics, Walt Disney Comics and Stories
Key Publications, Inc., 45 West 45th Street, New York, N.Y. (Stanley P. Morse):
          Hector, Ideal Romance, Peter Cottontails, Weird Chills
Leading Magazines Corp., Inc., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Kid Colt Outlaw
Leverett S. Gleason, 114 East 32d Street, New York, N.Y. (Lev Gleason):
          Black Diamond, Boy Illustories, Boy Loves Girl, Buster Crabbe, Crime Does Not Pay, Crime and Punishment, Daredevil, Lovers Lane, Squeeks
Literary Enterprises, Inc., 100 East 40th Street, New York, N.Y. (Standard):
          Buster Bunny, Lucky Duck, Sniffy The Pip, Supermouse
L. L. Publishing Co., Inc., 225 Lafayette Street, New York, N.Y. (EC):
          Crime Suspense Stories, The Vault of Horror
Love Romances Publishing Co., Inc., 1658 Summer Street, Stamford, Conn. (Fiction House):
          Planet Comics
Magazine Enterprises, 11 Park Place, New York, N.Y. (ME):
          Badmen of the West, Best of the West, Cave Girl, Dream Book of Love, Dream Book of Romance, Durango Kid, Ghost Rider, Great Western, Home Run, Hot Dog, Muggsy Mouse, Red Fox, Red Hawk, Straight Arrow, Tim Holt (now Red Mask), Undercover Girl, White Indian
Male Publishing Corp., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Justice, Spellbound, World's Greatest Songs
Manvis Publications, Inc., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          True Secrets
Marjean Magazine Corp., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          My Own Romance
Marvel Comics, Inc., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Marvel Tales
Master Comics, Inc., 11 East 44th Street, New York, N.Y.:
          Dark Mysteries
Mikeross Publications, Inc., 55 West 42d Street, New York, N.Y.:
          Get Lost, Heart and Soul
Miss America Publishing Corp., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Miss America
Mystery Publishing Co., Inc. 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Allen Hardy):
          All True Romance, Dear Lonely Hearts, Horrific, Noodnik
National Comics Publications, Inc., 430 Lexington Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Superman-DC):
          Action Comics, Adventure Comics, All American Men of War, All Star Western, Animal Antics, Batman, Big Town, Bob Hope (The Adventures of), Buzzy, Comic Cavalcade, Date With Judy, Detective Comics, Everything Happens to Harvey, Flippety and Flop, Fox and Crow, Funny Folks, Funny Stuff, Gang Buster, Here's Howie, Hopalong Cassidy, House of Mystery, Leading Comics, Leave it to Binky, Martin and Lewis, Mr. District Attorney, Mutt and Jeff, Mystery in Space, Our Army at War, Peter Panda, Peter Porkchops, Real Screen Comics, Rex the Wonder Dog, Star Spangled War Stories, Strange Adventures, Superboy, Superman, Tomahawk, Western Comics, Wonder Woman, World's Finest Comics
Newsstand Publications, Inc., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Man Comics
Official Magazine Corp., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Battleground, Bible Tales for Young Folk, Little Lizzie, Lorna The Jungle Girl, Mystic, Wendy Parker
Our Publishing Co., 114 East 32d Street, New York, N.Y.:
          Love Diary, Love Journal
Periodical House, Inc., 23 West 47th Street, New York, N.Y. (ACE):
          Baffling Mysteries, Love at First Sight
Pflaum, George A., 38 West 5th Street, Dayton, Ohio:
          The World Is His Parish, Treasure Chest of Fun and Fact
Postal Publications, Inc., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Battlefront, Patsy and Her Pals
Premier Magazines, Inc., 11 East 44th Street, New York, N.Y. (PM):
          Animal Fun, Horror from the Tomb, Masked Ranger, Nuts, Police Against Crime, True Love Confessions
Prime Publications, Inc., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Captain America, Uncanny Tales
Real Adventures Publishing Co., Inc., 1658 Summer Street, Stanford, Conn. (Fiction House):
          The Spirit, 3D Sheena, 3D Circus, The First Christmas
Regis Publications, Inc., 45 West Street, New York, N.Y. (ACG):
          Cookie Comics, Funny Films, Lovelorn
Ribage Publishing Corp., 480 Lexington Avenue, New York, N.Y.:
          Crime Mysteries, Youthful Romances
St. Johns Publications, 545 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Preferred):
          Abbott & Costello, Authentic Police Cases, Basil, Bingo The Monkey Doodle Boy, Crime on the Run, Cinderella Love, Daring Adventures, Diary Secrets, Dinky Duck, Fightin' Marines, Fly Boy, Gandy Goose, Heckle and Jeckle, House of Terrors, Invisible Boy, Kid Cowboy, Kid Carrots, Little Eva, Little Ike, Little Roquefort, Lucy the Real Gone Gal, Mighty Mouse Adventures Stories, Meet Miss Pepper, Mopsy, Nightmare, North West Mounties, 1,000,000 Years Ago, Paul Terry, Pictorial Romances, Perfect Love, Romantic Marriage, Teen Age Romances, Teen Age Temptations, Terrytoons, The Hawk, The Whack, Three Stooges, Tor & CheeChee, True Love Pictorial, Wartime Romances, Western Bandit Trails, Weird Horrors, Wild Boy. 3D-series: 9 of the above titles.
Scope Magazines, Inc., 45 West 45th Street, New York, N.Y. (ACG):
          Giggle Comics, Ha Ha Comics, Out of the Night.
Signal Publishing Co., 125 East 46th Street, New York N.Y.
          Girls' Love Stories, Girls Romances.
Song Hits, Inc., Division Street, Derby, Conn. (CDC):
          Atomic Mouse, Cowboy Western, Crime and Justice, Eh! Funny Animals, Haunted, Hot Rods and Racing Cars, Lash La Rue Western, My Little Margie, Packet Squad In Action, Rocky Lane Western, Romantic Story, Six-Gun Heroes, Space Adventures, Strange Suspense Stories, Sweethearts, Tex Ritter Western, The Thing, True Life Secrets, TV Teens, Zoo Funnies.
Sphere Publishing Co., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Combat Kelly, Millie the Model Comics.
Sport Action, Inc., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Combat Casey.
Standard Magazines, Inc., 10 East 40th Street, New York, N.Y.:
          Intimate Love, Thrilling Romances.
Stanhall Publications, Inc., 480 Lexington Avenue, New York, N.Y.
          Briadway-Hollywood Blackouts, Farmers Daughter, G.I. Jane, Muggy Doo, Oh Brother.
Stanmor Publications, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Stanley P. Morse):
          Battle Cry.
Star Publications, Inc., 545 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Star):
          All Famous Police Cases, Confessions of Love, Confessions of Romances, Frisky Animals, Fun Comics, Ghostly Weird Stories, Mighty Bear, Popular Teen Agers, Shocking Mystery Cases, Spool, Startling Terror Tales, Super Cat, Terrifying Tales, Terrors of The Jungle, The Horrors, The Outlaws, Top Love Stories, True to Life Romances, Unsane.
Sterling Comics, Inc., 480 Lexington Avenue, New York, N.Y.:
          The Informer, The Tormented.
Story Comics, Inc., 11 East 44th Street, New York, N.Y.:
          Fight Against Crime, Mysterious Adventures
Timely Comics, Inc., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Love Romances, Secret Story Romances
Tiny Tot Comics, Inc., 225 Lafayette Street, New York, N.Y. (EC):
          Panic, Shock Suspense Stories
Titan Publishing Co., 45 West 45th Street, New York, N.Y. (ACG):
          Forbidden Worlds, Funny Films, Atomic Sub
Toby Press, Inc., 17 East 45th Street, New York, N.Y. (Toby):
          Billy The Kid, Felix and His Friends, Felix The Cat, Gabby Hayes, Great Lover Romances, He-Man, John Wayne, Johnny Danger, Lil Abner, Meet Merton, Return of the Outlaw, Sorority Secrets, Super Brat, Tales of Horror, With the Marines
Trogen Magazines, 125 East 46th Street, New York, N.Y.:
          Beware
20th Century Comic Corp., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Astonishing Mystery Tales
USA Comic Magazine Corp., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          War Comics
United Feature Syndicate, Inc., 220 East 42d Street, New York, N.Y. (United Feature):
          Comics on Parade, Fritzi Ritz, Sparkle Comics, Sparkler Comics, Tip-Top Comics, Tip Topper Comics
Unity Publishing Corp., 23 West 47th Street, New York, N.Y. (Ace):
          The Beyond
Visual Editions, Inc., 10 East 40th Street, New York, N.Y. (Standard):
          Adventures into Darkness, Dennis The Menace, Joe Yank, Kathy, New Romances, Out of the Shadows, Rocky, The Unseen
Western Fiction Publishing Co., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Journey Into Unknown Worlds, Wild Western
Witches Tales, Inc., 1860 Broadway, New York, N.Y. (Harvey):
          Chamber of Chills, Witches Tales
Wings Publishing Co., 1658 Summer Street, Stanford, Conn. (Fiction House):
          Indians, Wings Comics
Zenith Publishing Corp., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. (Atlas):
          Girl Confessions, The Monkey and The Bear
Ziff-Davis Publishing Co., 366 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y.:
          G.I. Joe

Ace News Corp., 23 West 47th Street, New York, N.Y.; A.A. Wyn, president; 5 publishers, 11 comic titles.
Comic groups, publishers, and number of comic-book titles
Ace Fiction Group, 23 West 47th Street, New York, N.Y. Owners: A.A. Wyn, Rose Wyn.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 A.A. Wyn, Inc. ........................................................................................ 5
 Ace Magazines, Inc. ................................................................................... 2
 Junior Books, Inc. .................................................................................... 1
 Periodical House, Inc. ................................................................................ 2
 Unity Publishing Corp. ................................................................................ 1

(The) American News Co., Inc., 131 Varick Street, New York, N.Y.; P. O'Connell, president; 26 publishers, 287 comic titles.

Comic groups, publishers, and number of comic-book titles
Archie Comic Group, 241 Church Street, New York, N.Y. Owners: Maurice Coyne, John L. Goldwater, Louis H. Silberkleit.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Archie Comic Publications, Inc. ....................................................................... 9
 Close-Up, Inc. ........................................................................................ 6

Dell Comics Group, 264 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. Owners: George T., Delacorte, Jr. Margarita Delacorte, 687 stockholders of Western Printing & Lithography Co.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Dell Comics .......................................................................................... 88
 K. K. Publications, Inc .............................................................................. 19

Famous Funnies Group, 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. Owners: Stockholder: James H. Darcey, David S. Hibbard, Sylvia S. Hibbard, Eric Pape, William B. Pape, William J. Pape, E. Robert Stevenson, Elizabeth B. Stevenson, Robert I, Stevenson, J. Warren Upson.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Famous Funnies Publications ........................................................................... 3

Fiction House, Inc., 1658 Summer Street, Stanford, Conn. Owner: J.G. Scott

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Fiction House, Inc. ................................................................................... 1
 Fight Stories, Inc. ................................................................................... 1
 Flying Stories, Inc. .................................................................................. 2
 Glen-Kel Publishing Co., Inc. ......................................................................... 2
 Love Romances Publishing Co., Inc. .................................................................... 1
 Real Adventures Publishing Co. ........................................................................ 4
 Wings Publishing Co., Inc. ............................................................................ 2

Jay Jay Publications, 316 North 8th Street, St. Louis, Mo. Owners: B.M. Mirsh, R. Grable, R. Messing, Sr., R. Messing, Jr.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Jay Jay Corp. ......................................................................................... 1

Magazine Enterprises, 11 Park Place, New York, N. Y. Owner: Vincent Sullivan

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Magazine Enterprises ................................................................................. 17

Preferred Comics Group, 545 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. Owner: Archer St. John

Publisher:

Number of titles

 St. John Publications ................................................................................ 55

Quality Romance Group, 347 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y. Owners: Everett M. Arnold, Claire C. Arnold.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Arnold Publications, Inc. ............................................................................. 2
 Comic Favorites, Inc. ................................................................................. 2
 Comic Magazines ...................................................................................... 14

Standard Comics Group, 10 East 40th Street, New York, N.Y. Owner: Ned L. Pines.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Better Publications, Inc. ............................................................................. 2
 Literary Enterprises, Inc. ............................................................................ 4
 Standard Magazines, Inc. .............................................................................. 2
 Visual Editions, Inc. ................................................................................. 8

Star Publications, 545 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. Owner: J. Kramer.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Star Publications, Inc. .............................................................................. 19

Toby Press Group, 17 East 45th Street, New York, N.Y. Owner: Elliott A. Caplin.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Toby Press, Inc. ..................................................................................... 16

United Feature Comic Group, 220 East 42d Street, New York, N.Y. Owners: Karl A. Bickel, Winfred Scripps Ellis, Margaret C. Hawkins, W.W. Hawkings, Jack R. Howard, Margaret R. Howard, Roy W. Haward, Charles W. Scripps, Edward W. Scripps, Florence Scripps Kellogg, John P. Scripps, Robert P. Scripps, The Eleen Browning Scripps Foundation.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 United Feature Syndicate, Inc. ........................................................................ 6

Ziff-Davis Publishing Co., 366 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y. Owners: B.G. Davis, Sylvia Davis, Amelia Ziff.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Ziff-Davis Publishing Co. ............................................................................. 1

Atlas Magazines, Inc., 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y.; Martin Goodman, president; 31 publishers 64 comic titles.
Comic groups, publishers, and number of comic-book titles
Magazine Management Co., Marvel Comic Group (Atlas), 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. Owners: Martin Goodman, Jean Goodman.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Animirth Comics, Inc. ................................................................................. 6
 Atlas News Co., Inc. .................................................................................. 3
 Bard Publishing Corp. ................................................................................. 1
 Broadcast Features Publications, Inc. ................................................................. 2
 Canam Publishers Sales Corp. .......................................................................... 4
 Chipiden Publishing Corp. ............................................................................. 2
 Classic Syndicate, Inc. ............................................................................... 1
 Comic Combine Corp. ................................................................................... 3
 Cornell Publishing Corp. .............................................................................. 2
 Current Detective Stories ............................................................................. 1
 Foto Parade, Inc. ..................................................................................... 1
 Gen Publications, Inc. ................................................................................ 1
 Hercules Publishing Corp. ............................................................................. 3
 Interstate Publishing Corp. ........................................................................... 3
 Leading Magazine Corp. ................................................................................ 1
 Male Publishing Corp. ................................................................................. 3
 Manvis Publications, Inc. ............................................................................. 1
 Margean Magazines Corp. ............................................................................... 1
 Marvel Comics, Inc. ................................................................................... 1
 Miss America Publishing Corp. ......................................................................... 1
 Newsstand Publications, Inc. .......................................................................... 1
 Official Magazine Corp. ............................................................................... 6
 Postal Publications, Inc. ............................................................................. 2
 Prime Publications, Inc. .............................................................................. 2
 Sphere Publications, Inc. ............................................................................. 2
 Sports Action, Inc. ................................................................................... 1
 Timely Comics, Inc. ................................................................................... 2
 20th Century Comic Corp. .............................................................................. 2
 USA Comic Magazine Corp. .............................................................................. 1
 Western Fiction Publishing Corp. ...................................................................... 2
 Zenith Publishing Corp. ............................................................................... 2

Capital Distributing Co., Derby, Comm.; Robert A. Baker, circulation director; 1 publisher, 21 comic titles.
Comic groups, publishers, and number of comic-book titles
Charlton Comics Group, Division Street, Derby, Comm. Owners: Edward Levy, John Santangelo.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Song Hits, Inc. ...................................................................................... 21

Curtis Circulation Co., Independence Square, Philadelphia, Pa; Benjamin Allen, president; 2 publishers, 103 comic titles.
Comic groups, publishers, and number of comic-book titles
William E. Kanter, 101 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. Owners: Albert L. Kanter, Hal Kanter, Maurice Kanter, Rose Kanter, William E. Kanter.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Famous Authors, Ltd. ................................................................................. 10
 Gilberton Co., Inc. .................................................................................. 93

Fawcett Publications, Inc., 67 West 44th Street, New York, N.Y.; Roger Fawcett, vice president; 1 publisher, 9 comic titles.
Comic groups, publishers, and number of comic-book titles
Fawcett Publications, Inc., Fawcett Place, Greenwich, Conn. Stockholders: Claire Sue Bagg, James Wesley Bagg, Marion Fawcett Bagg, William Bagg, Gordon W. Fawcett, Helen Aline Fawcett, John Fawcett, John Roger, Fawcett, Mary Blair Fawcett, Michael Blair Fawcett, Roger Fawcett, Roscoe K. Fawcett, Marie F. Fawcett, Thomas Knowlton Fawcett, Vivian D. Fawcett, W.H. Fawcett, Jr., W.H. Fawcett III, William Blair Fawcett, Mrs. Virginia Kerr, (Estate of) Mira King, Gloria Fawcett Leary, Mrs. Eva Roberts.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Fawcett Publications, Inc. ............................................................................ 9

Gilberton Co., Inc., 101 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y.; William E. Kanter, vice president; 1 publisher, 1 comic title.
Comic groups, publishers, and number of comic-book titles
Gilberton Co., Inc., 101 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. Owners: Albert L. Kanter, Hal Kanter, Maurice Kanter, Rose Kanter, William E. Kanter.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Gilberton Co., Inc. ................................................................................... 1

Hearst Magazine (International Circulation Division of) 250 West 55th Street, New York, N.Y.; R.E. Haig, vice president; 1 publisher 16 comic titles.
Comic groups, publishers, and number of comic-book titles
Avon Comics Group, 575 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y. Owners: Joseph Meyers, Maurice Diamond, Harry Rebell.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Avon Periodicals, Inc. ............................................................................... 16

Independent News Co., 480 Lexington Avenue, New York, N.Y.; Paul H. Sampliner, president; 10 publishers, 65 comic titles.
Comic groups, publishers, and number of comic-book titles

American Comics Group, 45 West 45th Street, New York, N.Y. Owners: Fredrick H. Iger, Frances Sanger.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Best Syndicated Features .............................................................................. 3
 Regis Publications, Inc. .............................................................................. 3
 Scope Magazines, Inc. ................................................................................. 3
 Titan Publishing Co. .................................................................................. 3

Beverly Publishing Co., 480 Lexington Avenue, New York, N.Y. Owners: Gizella F. Frank, Sonia Iger, George H. Levy.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Beverly Publishing Co. ................................................................................ 1

National Comics Group, 480 Lexington Avenue, New York, N.Y. Owners: A. Donenfeld, G. Donenefeld, H. Donenefeld, I. Donenfeld, S. Donenfeld, J.L. Golinko, F. Iger, J.S. Liebowitz, R. Liebowitz. A. I. Menin, P.H. Sampliner, S.U. Sampliner.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 National Comics Publications, Inc. ................................................................... 40

Prize Comic Group, 1790 Broadway, New York, N.Y. Owners: Michael M. Bleier, Paul Epstein.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Crestwood Publishing Co., Inc. ........................................................................ 2
 Feature Publications, Inc. ............................................................................ 4
 Headline Publications, Inc. ........................................................................... 4

Signal Publishing Co., 125 East 46th Street, New York, N.Y. Owners: Avrum Ben-Avi, Irwin Donenfeld, Harry C., Lieb.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Signal Publishing Co. ................................................................................. 2

Kable News Co., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y.; Samuel James Campbell, chairman of board; 11 publishers, 36 comic titles.
Comic groups, publishers, and number of comic-book titles
Farrell Comic Group, 30 East 60th Street, New York, N.Y. Owners: Robert W. Farrell, S. Lichtenbert.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Excellent Publications, Inc. .......................................................................... 2
 Farrell Comic, Inc. ................................................................................... 3
 Four Star Publications, Inc. .......................................................................... 2

Allen Hardy, 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. Owners: Philip Birch, Jerry Feldmann, Allan Hardy, Harry Lutz. Co owner of Mystery Publishing Co., Inc.: Samuel J. Campbell

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Allen Hardy Associates ................................................................................ 6
 Mystery Publishing Co., Inc. .......................................................................... 4

Stanley P. Morse, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. Owners of Aragon, Gilmor and Stanmor: Gilbert Singer, Michael Morse, Stanley P. Morse. Owners of Key: S. Lichtenbert, Stanley P. Morse.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Aragon Magazines, Inc. ................................................................................ 1
 Gilmor Magazines, Inc. ................................................................................ 2
 Key Publications, Inc. ................................................................................ 4
 Stanmor Publications, Inc. ............................................................................ 1

Premier Magazines, Inc., 11 East 44th Street, New York, N.Y. Owner: Lew A. Stricoff.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Premier Magazines, Inc. ............................................................................... 6

Joseph A. Wolfert, 32 Broadway, New York, N.Y. Owner: Joseph A. Wolfert.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Joseph A. Wolfert ..................................................................................... 5

Leader News Co., Inc., 114 East 47th Street, New York N.Y.; Michael Estrow, president; 12 publishers, 24 comic titles.
Comic groups, publishers, and number of comic-book titles
Entertaining Comics Group, 225 Lafayette Street, New York, N.Y. Owners: William M. Gaines, Jesse K. Gaines. Co owner of Tiny Tot: Virginia E. MacAdie

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Educational Comics .................................................................................... 1
 Fables Publishing Co., Inc. ........................................................................... 3
 I.C. Publishing Co., Inc. ............................................................................. 1
 L.L. Publishing Co. ................................................................................... 2
 Tiny Tot Comics ....................................................................................... 2

Master Comics, Inc., 11 East 44th Street, New York, N.Y. Owners: Michael Estrow and Stanley M. Estrow as agents for Leader News Co.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Master Comics ......................................................................................... 1

Mikeross Publications, Inc., 55 West 42d Street, New York, N.Y. Publishers: Ross Andru, Michael Esposito.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Mikeross Publications, Inc. ........................................................................... 2

Ribage Publishing Corp., 480 Lexington Avenue, New York, N.Y. Owners: Michael Estrow and Stanley M. Estrow as agents for Leader News Co.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Ribage Publishing Corp. ............................................................................... 2

Stanhall Publications, Inc., 480 Lexington Avenue, New York, N.Y. Owners: Michael Estrow and Stanley M. Estrow as agents for Leader News Co.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Stanhall Publications, Inc. ........................................................................... 5

Sterling Comics, Inc., 480 Lexington Avenue, New York, N.Y. Owners: Sidney Chenkin, Eleanor Grupsmith, Peter V.D. Voorhees, Martin Smith

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Sterling Comics, Inc. ................................................................................. 2

Story Comic, Inc., 11 Est 44th Street, New York, N.Y. Owners: William K. Friedman, Morton Myers.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Trogan Magazines, Inc. ................................................................................ 1

George A. Pflaum, 38 West 5th Street, Dayton, Ohio; George A. Pflaum, Jr.; 1 publisher, 2 comic titles.
Comic groups, publishers, and number of comic-book titles
George A. Pflaum, 38 West 5th Street, Dayton Ohio. Owners: Mrs. Mary Pflaum Fischer, George A. Pflaum, Sr., Mrs. George A. Pflaum.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 George A. Pflaum, Publisher ........................................................................... 2

Publishers Distributing Corp., 1481 Broadway, New York, N.Y.; I.S. Manheimer, president; 10 publishers, 37 comic titles.
Comic groups, publishers, and number of comic-book titles
Lev Gleason Comics, 114 East 32d Street, New York, N.Y. Owners: Leverett S. Gleason, Garol L. Rosenthal, Edward Rosenthal, Ellen J. Rosenthal, Jane Rosenthal, Judy Rosenthal, Morton Rosenthal, Pat Rosenthal, Peter Rosenthal, Rosalind Rosenthal.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Leverett S. Gleason ................................................................................... 9

Harvey Comics Group, Inc., 1860 Broadway, New York, N.Y. Owners: Alfred Harvey, Leon Harvey, Robert B. Harvey.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Family Comics, Inc. ................................................................................... 1
 Harvey Enterprises, Inc. .............................................................................. 3
 Harvey Picture Magazines, Inc. ........................................................................ 2
 Harvey Publications ................................................................................... 4
 Harvey Publications Inc. .............................................................................. 8
 Home Comics, Inc. ..................................................................................... 5
 Illustrated Humor, Inc. ............................................................................... 1
 Witches Tales, Inc. ................................................................................... 2

Our Publishing Co., 114 East 32d Street, New York, N.Y. Owner: Ray R. Hermann.

Publisher:

Number of titles

 Our Publishing Co. .................................................................................... 2

---

End of Document - Jamie Coville.